July 2009 | all about you want

Friday, July 31, 2009

The Process of Producing Specialty Chemicals

Specialty chemicals have an enormous variety of uses; in fact, it's more accurate to say that in most cases, it's possible to produce a specialty chemical that suits whatever the needs of a particular process might be.

What are Specialty Chemicals?

Most chemicals are categorized in one of two groups: commodity chemicals, and specialty chemicals. Commodity chemicals are those that are produced in vast quantities, and are fairly basic and inexpensive to produce. These tend to be produced in a plant that produces enormous amounts of just one or two different chemicals.

Specialty chemicals are somewhat different, in that most specialty chemical manufacturers tend to produce much smaller amounts of their products. These specialty chemicals tend to be more expensive than their commodity counterparts (in part due to the effects of economies of scale), and are used less frequently for more specific and refined purposes. Specialty chemicals include inert greases, oils, and waxes, chemicals used in laboratories, water treatment chemicals, epoxies and resins, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals.

How are Specialty Chemicals Designed and Produced?

A useful aspect of specialty chemicals is that they can be custom designed to meet the specifications of a particular product or process.

The important thing to understand is that every chemical is made up of molecules that are in turn made up of different combinations of atomic elements. Each element has its own special set of chemical and physical properties, and depending on the combination of elements that are used, the chemical substance will have certain chemical and physical properties of its own.

These chemical properties are, overall, dependent on one hugely important factor: the number of electrons that a single atom of a single element is made up of. Amazingly enough, for example, the sole basic difference between elemental oxygen and elemental carbon is that an atom of oxygen has eight electrons, while an atom of carbon has six. This basic difference means that each element has entirely different physical and chemical properties.

This might seem like a rather long-winded explanation, but it's important for understanding how a chemist can design various types of specialty chemicals, because the ways in which various different elements react is also determined largely by the number of electrons an atom of each element contains.

Another important concept is that an atom of any element has a series of layers of electrons, called shells, and with the exception of the innermost shell, each can hold up to eight electrons. An atom that doesn't have a filled outer shell will form chemical bonds with other atoms, if it can, to fill that outer shell.

An atom of elemental fluorine, for example, has a total of nine electrons, and has an outer shell that is 'missing' one electron. It's this atomic structure that makes fluorine a highly reactive element when it's present in its pure form. You could say that fluorine 'wants' to react with other chemicals so badly that it will react with almost anything in its efforts to fill up that outer shell. This makes fluorine-and other halogen gases-quite important in the production of certain specialty chemicals. These halogen gases form compounds that are highly stable, because of their special atomic structure.

This made seem like an incredibly complicated business to an 'outsider' who isn't familiar with chemical processes. To the chemists who design and produce specialty chemicals, it's second nature. Chemists have the background knowledge-the understanding of all the different properties of each element-that allows them to design specialty chemicals that have the desired properties.

With knowledge of the different chemical and physical properties of elements and molecules, specialty chemists can design and produce chemicals that are inert and non-reactive at high temperatures, chemicals that repel water or dirt, that are used as lubricants, or as pharmaceutical drugs. The key is that the designer understands how to combine elements and chemicals to come up with a finished product with the chemical and physical properties that are needed.

Applications of Specialty Chemicals

The various applications of specialty chemicals are even more diverse than the chemicals themselves. Specialty chemicals are used in a vast array of industrial processes, and are produced as finished products.

Top applications include pharmaceuticals (in fact, more than half of current pharmaceuticals can be classified as specialty chemicals, they are fluorinated during the manufacturing process, to improve the bioactivity and stability of the finished product), fertilizers and pesticides, dyes, surfactants, plastics, elastomers, and photographic chemicals. Inert lubricants are widely used in automotive industries (including aviation and marine) and in many industrial processes. Specialty chemicals are themselves very often used in the production of other chemicals and finished products.

Metal-organic networks on metal surfaces

Metal-organic networks formed by coordination bonding between metallic centers and organic ligands can be efficiently engineered to exhibit specific magnetic, electronic, or catalytic properties. This project focuses on 2D metal-organic networks resulting from benzoic acids self-assembled on Cu metal surfaces. Our numerical simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT), pseudopotentials, and plane-waves, are used to unveil the detailed atomistic and electronic structures of the nanostructures, as well as their energetics of formation. Moreover, the theoretical results provides new fundamental insight for understanding the novel magnetic and catalytic properties of these metal-organic networks.

Molecular necklaces
Structure and self-assembly of benzoic acids on Cu(110).

The adsorption structure and network formation mechanisms of trimesic acid (TMA) on Cu(110) is studied by combining STM measurements and DFT calculations. At low coverages, STM images shows the formation of linear chains. The calculations reveals that the organic ligands are linked together by dimers of Cu adatoms. A new phase appears at higher coverages, formed by interlocked TMA-Cu chains having lower periodicity than those observed at low coverages. We predict that in this case the organic ligands coordinate only one Cu adatom, whose presence, despite being essential for the cohesion of the nanostructure, cannot be imaged by STM due to an electronic effect. The TMA-Cu chains are the intrinsic nanostructures on Cu(110), but functional MOCCs require different elements than Cu as metallic centers. TMA-Fe chains are formed by codepositing Fe and TMA on Cu(110). Besides determining their structure, spin-polarized calculations suggests that the Fe centers within the 1D chains have magnetic properties similar to those of isolated Fe adatoms, a necessary (although not sufficient) condition for the emergence of intriguing magnetic properties induced by the low dimensionality.

Chemical reactivity of metal-organic networks

We focus on systems formed by Fe metal centers coordinated by terephthalic acid (TPA) and supported by Cu(001). The metal centers form characteristic carboxylate-bridged di-iron units having chemical and structural environments compatible to that one present into several metalloproteins. We have discovered a new mechanism of O2 activation and dissociation, which was identified by means of numerical simulation, involving a high degree of correlation between reactions occurring on neighboring metal centers.

Hierarchical self-assembly

Hierarchical self-assembly, i.e. “the formation of an ordered structure through a set of interactions that decreases in strength” is an extremely efficient way of constructing complex functional architectures often encountered in biological systems. We show that by opportunely designing planar benzene-carboxylic acids the dimensionality of metal-organic structures formed on a Cu(110) substrate can be continuously and predictably tuned from 1D to 2D. This demonstrates that molecular design is indeed possible but also that it is dependent upon very subtle origins whose understanding is at the basis of controlled and programmed bottom-up nanostructure design.

In collaboration with:

University of Warwick (G. Costantini)
Max Planck Institut fuer Festkoerperforschung (Th. Classen, G. Costantini, and K. Kern)
Hong Kong University (N. Lian)
University of Liverpool (S. Haq and R. Raval)
Universita` di Genova (M. Ferrando)

T. Classen, G. Fratesi, G. Costantini, S. Fabris, F. L. Stadler, C. Kim, S. de Gironcoli, S. Baroni, and K. Kern
Templated growth of metal-organic coordination chains at surfaces
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 6142 (2005)

S. Clair, S. Pons, S. Fabris, S. Baroni, H. Brune, K. Kern, and J. V. Barth
Monitoring two-dimensional coordination reactions: directed assembly of Co-terephthalate nanosystems on Au(111)
J. Phys. Chem B 110, 5627 (2006)

T. Classen, M. Lingenfelder, Y. Wang, R. Chopra, G. Costantini, K. Kern, G. Fratesi, S. Fabris, S. Baroni, S. Haq, and R. Raval
Hydrogen and Coordination Bonding Supramolecular Structures of Trimesic Acid on Cu(110)
J. Phys. Chem. A 111, 12589 (2007)

G. Costantini, Y. Wang, S. Fabris, R. Ferrando, Th. Classen, and K. Kern
Programming Hierarchical Supramolecular Nanostructures by Molecular Design
in preparation

Thursday, July 30, 2009

All eBooks about Matlab

MATLAB_STUDY
A Guide to MATLAB for Beginners and Experienced Users - Hunt Lipsman & Rosenberg.pdf
A Guide to MATLAB Object-Oriented Programming - Andy H. Register.pdf

Adaptive Filtering Primer with MATLAB - Poularikas and Ramadan.pdf
Advanced Mathematics and Mechanics Applications Using MATLAB - Howard B. Wilson.pdf
Algorithm Collections for Digital Signal Processing Applications using Matlab - E.S. Gopi.pdf
An Introduction to Programming and Numerical Methods in MATLAB - S.R. Otto & J.P. Denier.pdf
Antenna and EM Modeling with MATLAB - Sergey N. Makarov.pdf
Applied Numerical Methods Using MATLAB - Yang Cao Chung and Morris.pdf
Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R - Joaquim P. Marques.pdf
Basics of MATLAB and Beyond - Andrew Knight.pdf
Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing MATLAB based Applications - John L. Semmlow.pdf

Business Economics & Finance with Matlab GIS and Simulation Models - Patrick L.Anderson.pdf

Chemical Process Control a First Course with Matlab - P.C. Chau.pdf
Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Classical Feedback Control with MATLAB - Boris J. Lurie and Paul J. Enright.djvu
Classification Parameter Estimation & State Estimation An Engg Approach Using MATLAB.pdf
Computational Colour Science Using MATLAB - Stephen Westland & Caterina Ripamonti.pdf
Computational Mathematics Models Methods and Analysis with Matlab - Robert E. White.pdf
Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB - Martinez & Martinez.pdf
Contemporary Communication Systems using Matlab - Proakis and Salehi.pdf
Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink Modeling - Steven T. Karris.pdf

Digital Image Processing Using Matlab - Gonzalez Woods & Eddins.pdf
Digital Signal and Image Processing Using MATLAB - Gerard Blanchet & Maurice Charbit.pdf

Digital Signal Processing - Computer Based Approach - Sanjit K. Mitra.pdf
Digital Signal Processing Using Matlab V4 - Ingle and Proakis.pdf
Dynamic Simulations of Electric Machinery - Chee Mun Ong.djvu
Electronic Devices and Amplifier Circuits with MATLAB Applications - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Electronics and Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB - John O. Attia.pdf
Elem. Math. and Comp. Tools for Engineers using MATLAB - J. Manassah.pdf
Embedded Control Systems in C C++ Using MATLAB - Jim Ledin.chm
Embedded Image Processing with DSP Examples in MATLAB - Shehrzad Qureshi.pdf
Engineering Analysis Interactive Methods and Programs with MATLAB - Y. C. Pao.pdf
Engineering and Scientific Computations Using MATLAB - Sergey E. Lyshevski.pdf
Environmental Modeling Using MATLAB - Ekkehard Holzbecher.pdf
Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists - Brian D. Hahn & Daniel T. Valentine.pdf
Exploratory Data Analysis with MATLAB - Martinez and Martinez.pdf
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics with Matlab - Lonngren & Savov.pdf
Graphics and GUIs with MATLAB - Patrick Marchand and O. Thomas Holland .pdf

Introduction to Fuzzy Logic using MatLab - Sivanandam Sumathi and Deepa.pdf
Introduction to MATLAB - Sikander M. Mirza.pdf
Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Intuitive Probability and Random Processes Using MatLab - Steven M. Kay.pdf
Kalman Filtering Theory and Practice Using MATLAB - Grewal and Andrews.pdf
MathWorks Documentation - MATLAB V7 Function References.pdf
MathWorks Documentation - MATLAB V7 Introductory and Programming.pdf
MATLAB Guide - Desmond J. Higham & Nicholas J. Higham.djvu
MATLAB Primer (6th Ed) - Kermit Sigmon & Timothy A. Davis.pdf
MATLAB Primer (7th Ed) - Timothy A. Davis & Kermit Sigmon.pdf
MATLAB Programming - David Kuncicky.pdf
MATLAB Recipes for Earth Sciences - M.H.Trauth.pdf
MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design - Bassem R. Mahafza & Atef Z. Elsherbeni.pdf
Mechanics of Composite Materials with MATLAB - George Z. Voyiadjis & Peter I. Kattan.pdf
Numerical Analysis Using MATLAB and Excel - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Numerical Analysis Using MATLAB and Spreadsheets - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Numerical Computing with MATLAB - Cleve Moler.pdf
Numerical Methods in Engineering with MATLAB - Jaan Kiusalaas.pdf
Numerical Methods in Finance & Economics A MATLAB based Introduction - Paolo Brandimarte.pdf
Numerical Methods using MATLAB - Mathews and Fink.pdf
Numerical Techniques for Chemical & Biological Engineers Using MATLAB - Elnashaie & Uhlig.pdf
Optical Scanning Holography with MATLAB - Ting Chung Poon.pdf
Optics Learning by Computing with Examples using MATLAB - K.D. Moller.pdf
Ordinary and Partial Differential Equation Routines in Matlab - H.J. Lee & W.E. Schiesser.pdf
Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MatLab - Mahafza Bassem R.pdf
Robust Control Design with Matlab - Gu Petkov and Konstantinov.pdf
Scientific Computing with Matlab - Alfio Quarteroni & Fausto Saleri.djvu
Scientific Computing with Matlab and Octave - Alfio Quarteroni & Fausto Saleri.pdf
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Applications - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Signals and Systems with MATLAB Computing and Simulink Modeling - Steven T. Karris.pdf
Solving ODEs with MATLAB - Shampine Gladwell Thompson.pdf
Solving ODEs with Matlab Instructors Manual - L.F. Shampine.pdf
Spectral Methods in MATLAB - Lloyd N. Trefethen.pdf
The Finite Element Method using MATLAB - Kwon and Bang.pdf
Vibration Simulation Using MATLAB and ANSYS - Michael R Hatch.pdf

Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Organic chemical structure

J. Pastor-Villegas *, C. J. Durán-Valle, C. Valenzuela-Calahorro and V. Gómez-Serrano

Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, 06071 Spain

Received 27 May 1997; accepted 12 September 1997.

Abstract
Chars were prepared by heating rockrose (Cistus ladaniferus L) under dynamic and isothermal conditions between 200 and 1000°C in nitrogen. Several techniques including chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, molecular simulation, density measurements, mercury porosimetry and adsorption were used to study the chemical structure and pore structure. The chars prepared at high temperatures in particular contain oxygen in ether type structures, which may cross-link aromatic sheets. The degree of development of porosity in the chars and the porosity distribution seem to depend on the amount of volatile matter removed at each temperature during pyrolysis and on the structural shrinkage of the residual carbon. Both factors act contrarily on the pore structure of the chars, the latter effect being stronger at high temperatures. The shrinkage of the carbon structure may be caused by break down of interlayer carbon–oxygen bonds.

Author Keywords: A. Char; B. pyrolysis; C. adsorption; C. infrared spectroscopy; C. molecular simulation; D. chemical structure; D. functional groups; D. porosity

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Preparation of samples
2.2. Characterization of samples
2.2.1. Chemical structure
2.2.2. Porosity
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Organic chemical structure of rockrose chars
3.1.1. Aromatization process
3.1.2. Calculations on the organic chemical structure
3.2. Porosity of rockrose chars
3.2.1. Densities and pore volumes
3.2.2. Volatile matter and porosity development
3.3. Shrinkage of the organic chemical structure in rockrose chars
4. Conclusions

References

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Monday, July 27, 2009

Polymer Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology.

Synthesis and Mathematical Modelling of Polyethylene Terephthalate via Direct Esterification in a Laboratory Scale Unit

A B S T R A C T
Synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in laboratory is a challenging task due to high reaction temperature up to 280ºC and high pressure in esterification step and low vacuum in polycondensation step. In this research, synthesis of PET, in a laboratory size unit was studied via direct esterification of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Antimony oxide was added as catalyst for polycondensation.

Mathematical model of process is presented based on the mass balance of different species such as acid and hydroxyl end groups, water output, diester groups during both esterification and polycondensation steps. Derived governing equations were integrated numerically using Runge-Kutta method. Reacting mixture mass variation was included in the model. Comparison of experimental and simulation results shows promising and good agreement. Hence, the model could be used as a powerful tool for engineering process. The model was applied to study different aspects of polymerization process.

INTRODUCTION

Production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has one of the fastest growing rates among thermoplastics during the last decades. PET has been produced mostly via direct esterification of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol for a couple of decades. In the first step, esterification of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol under goes reaction producing bishydroxyl ethyl terephthalate (BHET) as the main monomer for polycondensation. Regarding a reversible reaction, water, as side product should be extracted in order to perform reaction up to high conversions. In the second step, that is called polycondensation, oligomers and polymer chains under go reaction to produce long polymer. The byproduct of polycondensation is ethylene glycol, which should be removed in order to increase the rate of polycondensation and chain length. To produce high molecular weight polymer and yarn, polymerization should be conducted in solid state [1-4]. Although PET has been produced for a long time, there are still different aspects such as modelling and mass transfer which need more research. Partial solubility of acid terephthalate (TPA) in ethylene glycol (EG) and diffusion of water and EG in polymer melt and mass transfer in liquid-gas phases are the main reasons of previous mentioned restrictions.

Figure 1 shows a schematic of PETSYN unit. Reaction unit consists of a 1 L stainless steel reactor, a condenser, two oil baths, and a cooling fan. Cooling section has a cooling bath down to -40ºC and vacuum pump. Digital control system has responsibility of transferring instruments signal to a computer (Pentium 4) and process control. Three PT100 temperature sensors were mounted inside reactor, in reactor jacket and oil bath. Reactor pressure was measured by a pressure transducer model 3248 from Tecsis Company. Ribbon type mixer was used in order to mix high viscous reactive mixture. A 1000 Wbar type electrical heater was mounted around the reactor. Cooling of reactor was performed by air flow in a tube around reactor. On top of the reactor, there are six connections. These connections were used to mount temperature and pressure sensors, apply pressure by nitrogen, and connect vacuum pump. Motor mixer is a magnetic type that can tolerate 100 atm pressure and having 1.5 HP power could have 2500 rpm. Required vacuum was applied by a vacuum pump type JB-85N- 250 from FastVac Company. All tasks of data acquisition were performed by computer via an I/O card model PCL-818L and corresponding terminal PCLD- 8115 from AdvanTech.

LABORATORY SCALE POLYMERIZATION UNIT

THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES OF RUSSIA, CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE

WHO SHOULD ATTEND

The conference will be of particular interest to senior executives from major Chemical and Petrochemical manufacturing and production companies; Engineering and Process licensor firms; Financial institutions and Banks;

Environmental and Industry consulting firms; Trading and Transportation companies and all those whose business interests interface with this regions chemical industry.

EXHIBITION & SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES

This two-day well-focused event provides the ideal marketing opportunity to showcase industry related products or services to a targeted audience group of decision makers, enabling companies to fully maximise on the exposure and

visibility the conference will generate. A limited number of exhibition stands and sponsorship packages are available at the conference. To confirm your position please contact Jennifer Anson on the numbers below or tick the appropriate box on the form and return by fax to +44 20 7405 5913.

DELEGATE FEE: £975 PER DELEGATE

The fee covers attendance at all sessions, simultaneous translation, conference documentation, refreshments, lunches and cocktail receptions. Payment is required at time of registration. If you are unable to attend the event, substitutes are acceptable at any time. Cancellations received in writing by 18th April 2004 will be refunded in full less an administrative charge of 25% of the conference fee. We regret that cancellations cannot be refunded or credited thereafter.

This booking is considered legally binding upon GBF Ltd receiving your registration form (by post, fax or email) and the delegate becomes liable for full payment of the event fees. Please note it may be necessary beyond the organiser’s control to alter the timing, speakers or content of the programme.

The chemical industries of Russia, the CIS and Central & Eastern Europe represent an area of growing interest amongst foreign companies, which are seeking market opportunities in trade and technology. Central Europe’s chemical companies are tending to follow West European companies in strategies, whilst retaining at the same time their own identity. Russia’s feedstock base provides potentially low costs for existing petrochemical plants, and also for new projects. 2004 could prove to be a dynamic year for the industry as not only will EU enlargement take place, but also important

Organised by:
producers such as Unipetrol in the Czech Republic and Petrom in Romania are expected to be privatised. In Russia,

projects are coming under more review for SIBUR, the largest chemical holding in Russia, and other producers such as Kazanorgsintez and Nizhnekamskneftekhim in Tatarstan. At the same time the industry in Russia continues to be

restructured with the emphasis on profitability. This well-established two-day event will provide a comprehensive insight into the current state of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the region. Key industry players from Russia, the CIS and Eastern Europe will address their approach to current industry trends; outline their strategies, plans, objectives and needs for further development, and at the same time highlight areas for collaboration and joint venture partnerships with international organizations and suppliers

MAXIMIZE YOUR RESOURCES AND TIME! Attend this conference and benefit from NETWORKING with senior industry colleagues from Russia, CIS and Eastern Europe and obtain INVALUABLE INSIGHT into the requirements and opportunities in this region’s chemical and petrochemical sectors.

Thursday, July 16, 2009

Emerson’s Project Expertise and PlantWeb® Architecture Improves Production Efficiency for Pernod Ricard Nordic in Denmark

Digital plant architecture incorporates DeltaV™ digital automation system with HART® communications and intelligent devices

Emerson Process Management’s project execution expertise and digital automation solutions have enabled Pernod Ricard Nordic, market leader within the Northern European spirits market, to increase the accuracy and speed of recipe changes. This has led to improved production efficiency and product consistency, as well as reduced waste at a new bitters blending facility in Aalborg, Denmark that previously was located at Dalby.

As part of a project to consolidate production at its Aalborg site, Pernod Ricard Nordic installed a new blending facility to replace one located elsewhere in Denmark. As the main automation contractor (MAC), Emerson was responsible for the front-end engineering and design (FEED), and the implementation of the new automation system. PlantWeb® digital plant architecture, incorporating the DeltaV™ digital automation system with HART® communications and intelligent devices, was installed.

“Maintaining the highest quality bitter is of utmost importance to Pernod Ricard Nordic. Changing to Emerson’s PlantWeb architecture and the DeltaV digital automation system has significantly improved product consistency. It has also enabled us to optimise our process and to reduce the possibility of human error. We have seen a reduction in waste product.” said Claus Nielsen, Plant Manager, Pernod Ricard Nordic, Denmark.

The new plant produces a number of blends of bitters in batches with different recipes, ingredients and blending requirements. Pernod Ricard Nordic therefore needed the flexibility of a batch control system meeting the ISA-88 standard. The new system had to be scalable to enable easy future expansion. Additionally, operation from a single database was preferred, in order to make it easier to manage the plant and process control models, improve the accuracy of the initial installation, and simplify maintenance and upgrades.

“Since our production operates on a batch basis, this was the perfect solution for us. Both recipes and recipe management functions are embedded in the DeltaV system, enabling the set points for our different blends to be quickly changed,” explained Nielsen.

The process control architecture, along with the intelligent measurement devices, provide an asset management platform that can help optimise plant performance. Pernod Ricard Nordic is running Emerson’s AMS® Suite predictive maintenance software on a laptop to monitor the health of instruments throughout the plant. A planned future upgrade will see AMS Suite fully integrated into the DeltaV system, with diagnostic information from the instruments available online.

In total there are around 130 tanks in the bitter production facility. Leading Emerson instrumentation, including Rosemount® pressure transmitters and vibrating fork switches, is used to monitor and control level, temperature and flow. Many of the devices communicate digitally via the HART communications protocol. Micro Motion® Coriolis mass flow meters are used for custody transfer applications because they offer high levels of repeatability and accuracy, a prerequisite when measuring alcohol content for duty purposes.

Overall, the entire project took up to six months to complete, with Emerson working closely with Pernod Ricard Nordic, testing and fine tuning the individual processes. Pernod Ricard Nordic has selected the Emerson Guardian Support service package that delivers technical support and life cycle services, to optimise the availability and performance of the automation system and the plant network, over its lifetime.

“We were delighted with the outcome of the new blending facility at Aalborg. The Emerson solution has been very successful. We received excellent support, and have recently selected Emerson for another expansion project at the site,” said Nielsen.

Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g. chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g. biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to producing useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques - such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering.^[1] A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.

Chemical engineering largely involves the design, improvement and maintenance of processes involving chemical or biological transformations for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers ensure the processes are operated safely, sustainably and economically. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. A related term with a wider definition is chemical technology.

Chemical engineering timeline.
In 1824, French physicist Sadi Carnot, in his “On the Motive Power of Fire”, was the first to study the thermodynamics of combustion reactions in steam engines. In the 1850s, German physicist Rudolf Clausius began to apply the principles developed by Carnot to chemical systems at the atomic to molecular scale.^[2] During the years 1873 to 1876 at Yale University, American mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs, the first to be awarded a Ph.D. in engineering in the U.S., in a series of three papers, developed a mathematical-based, graphical methodology, for the study of chemical systems using the thermodynamics of Clausius. In 1882, German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, published a founding thermodynamics paper, similar to Gibbs, but with more of an electro-chemical basis, in which he showed that measure of chemical affinity, i.e. the “force” of chemical reactions, is determined by the measure of the free energy of the reaction process. Following these early developments, the new science of chemical engineering began to develop. The following timeline shows some of the key steps in the development of the science of chemical engineering.

Chemical engineering is applied in the manufacture of a wide variety of products. The chemical industry proper manufactures inorganic and organic industrial chemicals, ceramics, fuels and petrochemicals, agrochemicals (fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides), plastics and elastomers, oleochemicals, explosives, detergents and detergent products (soap, shampoo, cleaning fluids), fragrances and flavors, additives, dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. Closely allied or overlapping disciplines include wood processing, food processing, environmental technology, and the engineering of petroleum, glass, paints and other coatings, inks, sealants and adhesives.

Chemical engineers design processes to ensure the most economical operation. This means that the entire production chain must be planned and controlled for costs. A chemical engineer can both simplify and complicate "showcase" reactions for an economic advantage. Using a higher pressure or temperature makes several reactions easier; ammonia, for example, is simply produced from its component elements in a high-pressure reactor. On the other hand, reactions with a low yield can be recycled continuously, which would be complex, arduous work if done by hand in the laboratory. It is not unusual to build 6-step, or even 12-step evaporators to reuse the vaporization energy for an economic advantage. In contrast, laboratory chemists evaporate samples in a single step.

The individual processes used by chemical engineers (eg. distillation or filtration) are called unit operations and consist of chemical reactions, mass-, heat- and momentum- transfer operations. Unit operations are grouped together in various configurations for the purpose of chemical synthesis and/or chemical separation. Some processes are a combination of intertwined transport and separation unit operations, (e.g. reactive distillation).

Three primary physical laws underlying chemical engineering design are conservation of mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. The movement of mass and energy around a chemical process are evaluated using mass balances and energy balances, laws that apply to discrete parts of equipment, unit operations, or an entire plant. In doing so, chemical engineers must also use principles of thermodynamics, reaction kinetics and transport phenomena. The task of performing these balances is now aided by process simulators, which are complex software models (see List of Chemical Process Simulators) that can solve mass and energy balances and usually have built-in modules to simulate a variety of common unit operations.

Modern chemical engineering.

The modern discipline of chemical engineering encompasses much more than just process engineering. Chemical engineers are now engaged in the development and production of a diverse range of products, as well as in commodity and specialty chemicals. These products include high performance materials needed for aerospace, automotive, biomedical, electronic, environmental, space and military applications. Examples include ultra-strong fibers, fabrics, dye-sensitized solar cells, adhesives and composites for vehicles, bio-compatible materials for implants and prosthetics, gels for medical applications, pharmaceuticals, and films with special dielectric, optical or spectroscopic properties for opto-electronic devices. Additionally, chemical engineering is often intertwined with biology and biomedical engineering. Many chemical engineers work on biological projects such as understanding biopolymers (proteins) and mapping the human genome. The line between chemists and chemical engineers is growing ever more thin as more and more chemical engineers begin to start their own innovation using their knowledge of chemistry, physics and mathematics to create, implement and mass produce their ideas.

Saturday, July 11, 2009

link free download Organic Chemistry e-Books

free download Organic Chemistry e-Books

Organic Chemistry Books - Orbital Interaction Theory of Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition
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Spectroscopy
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Split and Splitless Injection for Quantitative Gas Chromatography: Concepts, Processes, Practical Guidelines, Sources of Error
http://rapidshare.com/files/18043406/spli_splitless_injection_quantitative_gc.rar

Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater
http://rapidshare.com/files/89117694/smww_20th_pdf.rar

Quality Assurance in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
http://rapidshare.com/files/78381307/0195162129.rar

Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data
http://rapidshare.com/files/125804483/StatTreatmAnData.rar

Structure Determination of Organic Compounds: Tables of Spectral Data
http://mihd.net/wbolpz/__2a28b02__html
or
http://mihd.net/wbolpz

Sulfuric Acid ManufactureBy William G.I. Davenport,&nbspMatthew King,
http://rapidshare.com/files/47341721/sulphuric.pdf

Supramolecular Catalysis
http://rapidshare.com/files/106824233/SupCatwd3527321918.rar
or
http://www.mediafire.com/?zaj9y1z1m95

Surface and Interfacial Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis
http://mihd.net/7udx3y
or
http://rapidshare.com/files/44531299/vol16_surface_and_interfacial_organometallic.rar

Synthetic Nitrogen Products: A Practical Guide to the Products and Processes
http://rapidshare.com/files/104326526/SYNIPRO.rar
or
http://rapidshare.com/files/103379019/synnitpro.rar

Synthetic Organic Photochemistry
Password for RAR: SOP_www.seeus.cn
http://rapidshare.com/files/22644791/Synthetic_Organic_Photochemistry.rar

The Art of Problem Solving in Organic Chemistry
http://mihd.net/3qvjyo

The Chemistry of Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate
http://rapidshare.com/files/87302356/9812380817.rar

The Chemistry of Organolithium Compounds Chemistry of Functional Groups
http://rapidshare.com/files/11994435/tcoolc1.rar pass: tFtcoolc1.rar

The Chemistry of Organolithium Compounds
http://rapidshare.com/files/11994436/tcoolc2.rar and http://rapidshare.com/files/11994435/tcoolc1.rar

The Complete Project Management Office Handbook, 2nd Edition.
http://rapidshare.com/files/105840014/auerbach_-_the_complete_project_management_office_handbook.rar

The Experimental Determination of Solubilities (Wiley Series in Solutions Chemistry)
http://ifile.it/ma5rgns/hefter.zip

The Goal: A process of ongoing improvement
http://rapidshare.com/files/107016775/The_Goal_A_process_of_ongoing_improvement.rar

The HPLC Solvent Guide.
http://www.gigasize.com/get.php/3196…._Sadek%29.zip

The International Pharmacopoeia, Vol. 5 (Third Edition).
http://rapidshare.com/files/119989696/Int_pharma3Ed.zip

The Laboratory Quality Assurance System
http://ifile.it/24oxkhu

The Manufacture Of Chemicals By Electrolysis – Electrochemistry
http://rapidshare.com/files/107883949/The_manufacture_of_chemicals_by_electrolysis.pdf.html

The No Complaining Rule: Positive Ways to Deal with Negativity at Work
http://rapidshare.com/files/136327901/0470279494_-_The_No_Complaining_Rule__Positive_Ways_to_Deal_with_Negativity_at_Work.rar

The Pharmaceutical Regulatory Process (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences).
http://rapidshare.com/files/18808661/TPRP.rar.html

The Pharmaceutical Regulatory Process
http://rapidshare.com/files/18808661/TPRP.rar.html

The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model
http://rapidshare.com/files/73968891/HPGradient_Elution.zip
or
http://rapidshare.com/files/73782612/High-Performance_Gradient_Elution.rar

Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems: An Introduction for Students of Pharmacy
http://rapidshare.com/files/10258927…047120241X.rar

Thin Layer Chromatography : A Modern Practical Approach
http://rapidshare.com/files/75275435/Thin-layer..Chromatography.rar

Tomorrow’s Chemistry Today: Concepts in Nanoscience, Organic Materials and Environmental Chemistry
http://rapidshare.com/files/109935663/ToCheTodConNanOrwiilee3527319182.rar.html

Trace Quantitative Analysis by Mass SpectrometryRobert K. Boyd, Robert A. Bethem, Cecilia Basic.
http://rapidshare.com/files/120704901/Tra_qua_ana_mspec.zip
or
http://mihd.net/8e6bvlp/

Ultra-Violet and Visible Spectroscopy: Chemical Applications
http://rapidshare.com/files/79826016/rao2.rar
or
http://www.mediafire.com/?9jbqxrvmxdz

Understanding NMR Spectroscopy
http://rapidshare.com/files/45692516/Understanding_NMR_Spectroscopy_0470017872.pdf
or
http://rapidshare.com/files/45691055/unmrs.rar
or
http://mihd.net/kiecap

Validating Chromatographic Methods: A Practical Guide
http://rapidshare.com/files/72583860/Validating_Chromatographic_Methods.zip

Validation and Qualification in Analytical Laboratories
http://rapidshare.com/files/67987349/Vali_Quali_Anal_Lab.zip

Validation of Pharmaceutical Processes: Sterile Products, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
http://www.4shared.com/file/50788832/3aebbcd0/validation_of_pharmaceutical_processes_sterile_product.html

Virtual Chemistry Lab 2.0
http://rs333.rapidshare.com/files/98786755/Chemistry_SetUp.rar

Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry
http://rapidshare.com/files/30206396/Vogel_Practical_Organic_Chemistry_5Th_Edition_New_________.pdf

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
http://rapidshare.com/files/66938032/VOLATILE_ORGANIC_COMPOUNDS_IN_THE_ATMOSPHERE.pdf

Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual, 2nd Ed.
http://rapidshare.com/files/141563609/0071476245.rar
or
http://www.filefactory.com/file/56f114/n/0071476245_rar

Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, 2nd Edition
http://w15.easy-share.com/1699727400.html
or
http://w15.easy-share.com/1699727419.html
or
http://mihd.net/8×6brg

Wiley Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry An Introduction 2003
http://rapidshare.com/files/67610837…ction_2003.pdf

Writing Reaction Mechanisms In Organic Chemistry (Advanced Organic Chemistry)
http://rapidshare.com/files/60115683/WRMOCE2000.rar.html

X-Ray Analysis and the Structure of Organic Molecules.
http://rapidshare.com/files/112894922/3906390144.rar

Friday, July 31, 2009

Thursday, July 30, 2009

Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Monday, July 27, 2009

Thursday, July 16, 2009

Modern chemical engineering.

Saturday, July 11, 2009

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