New Gas Storage Materials, Huge Potential.

a discovery that may help accelerate production of fuel cell-powered vehicles are ultra-clean hydrogen, scientists in Michigan reported development of a sponge resembling nano materials with surface areas recorded very high to hold back some gas. Sepertigapuluh only one ounce of these materials have a surface area of about - something like a football field.

Adam Matzger and colleagues explain in their new study that scientists have been trying for many - years to find an optimal material for hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles in the future. Besides identifying some promising material, researchers have been able to find hydrogen storage goals proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy (the DOE) regarding the storage of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, they pointed out.

They explain the development of the nano porous materials - with high pore that has never proven ability to absorb some of the gas which may help to achieve the DOE target of. This is called the University of Michigan Crystalline Material-2 (UMCM-2), which include substances nanokluster zinc oxide, the width of each - tiapnya approximately 1 / 50, 000th of a human hair, are connected together - together by organic materials to produce porous framework is perfect.

The scientists showed that UMCM-2 has a surface area of more than 5.000 m2 per gram, where the highest value was obtained.

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Economic Feasibility Test.

A factory established if feasible meets several requirements including guaranteed his safety and of course can bring profit. In this case we will focus on the economic feasibility only. To set up a factory required substantial capital. This capital may come from investors or from bank loans. Capital used there are 2 kinds of fixed capital and working capital. Includes the purchase of fixed capital equipment, installation, piping, instrumentation, insulation (if necessary), electricity, utilities, buildings, land, engineering and construction, contractor's fee and contingency. Amount of working capital depends on the type of plant and capacity. This working capital includes raw materials inventory, in process inventory, product inventory, extended credit and available cash.

Both the above capital used for production costs which is divided into 3 kinds of direct costs, indirect production costs and fixed costs. Direct production costs are the costs for direct financing of a process, such as raw materials, workers and supervisors, maintenance, plant supplies, patents and royalties, and utility. Indirect production costs are costs incurred to fund things that are not directly assist the production process, such as payroll overhead (such as recreation staff), laboratory, plant overhead, packing and shipping. Fixed costs are fixed costs incurred at the time of factory production or not. These costs include depreciation, taxes and insurance. There was also general expenses include administrative, sales expenses, research and finance. Gains or profits derived from the selling price reduction in production costs.

In addition to the acquisition of profit-oriented, companies also should be able to return capital especially if the capital came from loans. Time for payback percentages expressed by Return On Investment (ROI) is defined as the ratio of earnings to fixed capital. Can also be expressed dalan Pay Out Time (POT). The amount of Return On Investment, and Pay Out Time is different for each type of plant depends on the risk posed by the process in the factory.

Test of economic feasibility is also expressed in graphical form the relationship of production capacity and cost. 2 pieces will form the point of Shut Down Point and Break Even Point. Shut Down Point is a point where the condition that if the process does not run the company will earn a profit but also caused no damage. If the plant operates at a capacity below the Shut Down Point the plant will get lost. Point Break Even Point is a condition that occurs when the plant operates at full capacity. Value Break Even Point is good for a chemical plant generally ranges between 40% - 60%.

By considering all elements, from site selection, technology selection, capacity, and processing technologies and processes supported by the process control and systems of human resource management is good, it can be obtained optimum profit.

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System Human Resources Management.

To run a process at the plant not only needs advanced technology and instrumentation control. But also human resources as a designer, implementer and controlling the process. Functionally a company headed by a chief executive in charge of running the company's leadership, setting up systems and working procedures of the company and determine the company's policy. The president holds supreme power in the company.

The president is assisted by several directors, chief, section chief and coordinator of the shift. The number of employees from the level of service to the higher levels will form a pyramid. It means more to the smaller number.

For factories that use the Continue (24 hours a day and 330 days a year), employees are divided into 2 types. First regular employees who have fixed working hours. They work every weekday and holiday on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. The second shift employees who are divided into 4 teams and there are 3 day shifts while the 1st team squad holiday shifts. Shift division arranged so that after the night shift, employees receive 2 days off. Usually the shift group is 1 sexy processes, utilities, logistics, electrical and instrumentation, workshop, safety and work safety. This usually applies to large factories, such as ceramic manufacturing plant, or chemical factories other.

As for factories that use Batch system, such as factories processed foods (tempeh, tofu), does not apply shift employees, meaning employees work regularly every day.

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Control System.

To get a lot of the profits produced goods would have had to have a good quality. Conditions during the production process greatly affects the quality of the product. A process will run well if operated at optimum conditions. Therefore needed a device controller (controller). The task controller is to reduce the error signal is the difference between the signal with the signal current settings. This is in accordance with the purpose of control system is to obtain the actual signal (the desired) together with the signal settings. The faster the reaction system following the actual signal and the smaller the error the better the performance of control systems are applied.

If the difference between setting the value of the output value is relatively large, a good controller should be able to observe this distinction to be producing output signals to influence the process. Thus the system quickly change the output process to obtain the difference between setting a regulated output as small as possible.

There are several types of controllers. First Proportional controller (P) which has output comparable to the amount of error signal (difference between the desired quantity with the actual price). Proportional controller output is the multiplication of constants proportional to the input. Changes in input signal causes the system will immediately direct the output of the constant change pengalinya. If a small proportional constant value, proportional controller is only able to correct small mistakes that will result in a slow system response. If the value is increased proportionally constant, the response shows the system more quickly reach a state tunaknya. However, if the value is enlarged so that achieving excessive prices, will cause the system works unstable or oscillating system response will be. Proportional type of controller is usually used to control the liquid level in the tank.

The second is the integral controller which functions to produce a system response has a steady state error. If a factory does not have an element of the integrator , proportional controller will not be able to guarantee the output of the system with zero error tunaknya conditions. Integral controller is characterized as an integral. Controller output is strongly influenced by changes in the signal value proportional to the mistake. The output of this controller is a continuous sums of the changes, the output will maintain the previous state as the input changes. In its use is usually proportional integral controller controller combined with a proportional integral controller (PI). The result of the wave-shaped curve. This type of controller is usually used to control the pressure.

The third is a differential controller that has properties such as a derivatives operation. Sudden change in the input controller will cause a very big change and fast. When the input has not changed, the controller output is unchanged. Differential controller is generally used to speed up the initial response of a system, but does not minimize the error in steady state. Working differential controller is only effective in the narrow scope of the transitional period. Therefore, differential controller is never used without any other controller in a system.

Any weaknesses and strengths of each controller proportional, integral and differential can cover each other by combining all three in parallel becomes proportional integral differential controller (PID controller). Elements of the controller proportional, integral and differential individual as a whole aims to accelerate the reaction of a system, eliminate the offset and generate a large initial change. This type of controller is usually used to control the temperature and flow rate in a reactor.

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Industry Versus Environment.

Pollution caused by toxic and hazardous materials in the waste out into the environment until there is a change of environment quality, sources of toxic and hazardous materials can be classified:

1. industrial organic and inorganic chemistry
2. the use of toxic and hazardous materials as raw materials or auxiliary materials
3. chemistry-physics events, biology in the factory.

Environment as the recipient agency will absorb the material in accordance with ability. As the recipient agency is air, surface soil, water rivers, lakes and oceans that has each of different characteristics.

Water at a specific time and place different characteristics with water at the same place with different time, different water characteristics due to natural events and the influence of other factors.

The environment's ability to heal itself because the external influences interaction called environmental carrying capacity. Environmental carrying capacity of the one with the other places are different, environmental components and factors that influence helped set the value of carrying capacity.

Pollutants that enter the environment will react with one or more environmental components. Changes in environmental components in physics, chemistry and biology as a result of contaminants, brought changes in the value of change yangdisebut environmental quality.

Waste containing pollutants will change the quality of the environment when environmental conditions are not able to restore power in accordance with the existing support him, is therefore important to know the nature of the waste and the components contained contaminants.

In some areas in Indonesia have set the value of the quality of waste water and air. But the new fraction. While environmental quality has not been determined. Determining the need for considering environmental quality industrialization program as one sector that plays a big part of perekonomlan and prosperity to a nation.

Excessive use of water, disposal systems which are not yet qualified, skilled employees who are not, are factors that must be considered in identifying the source of contaminants.

Final product, such as packing, securing tubes and boxes, transportation systems, storage, use of the rules and requirements that do not comply with the pollutant sources as well.

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Industry as a Source of Pollution.

Basically the function of processing industry inputs into outputs. As input includes raw materials, auxiliary materials, machinery and labor experts and others. Choice of classification depends on the type of industrial raw materials so that the classification can be done easily if an industry is included in the primary industry, secondary or tertiary. For some primary industries can be identified as the upstream industry because the industry is basically processing raw materials into semi-finished materials, such as processing of agricultural, plantation, mining etc.

Industrial output is classified as primary products, side and waste that can be broken down into economic value of waste and non-economic. Investigation of pollution sources can be implemented on the input, process and at its output by looking at the types and specifications of waste produced. Chart 1 illustrates the relationship between subkegiatan with other activities that have the possibility of waste produced. Pollution caused due to industrial waste outside the plant contains toxic and hazardous materials. Contaminants out with waste materials through the media of air, water and solid materials, waste materials coming out of the factory into the environment can be identified as the source of contaminants.

As a source of contaminants to know what type of contaminants out, the number and scope. Between the factory with each other different types, and the amount depends on the use of raw materials, process systems, and the way employees work in a factory. To identify the industry as a pollutant it is necessary to note type of industry, raw materials, systems and processes final processing.

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Biogas Production from Waste Food Industry.

Technology Center AZTI-Tecnalia which specializes in food research has opened up a biogas plant that takes raw materials from the food industry subproduk. Factory using organic compounds in agricultural food waste to produce alternative energy. This helped a solution to the AZTI-Tecnalia to reduce levels of pollution caused by organic waste.

Biogas plant is located in the complex AZTI-Tecnalia, Derio, and the concept of production is to produce a methane-rich biogas from anaerobic metabolism of organic matter in the food subproduk. Anaerobic metabolism is a biological process which describes the organic matter to produce biogas, as well as fine mud which can be used as a supplement to agriculture. The main constituent of biogas Kompenen include carbon dioxide and methane high caloric value that can be used as a source of electricity or thermal energy (heat), as well as vehicle fuel.

With a similar technique, in the year 2010, the company plans to produce energy sources that began rising lately, namely hydrogen. They hope someday methane and hydrogen can be obtained from the combination of the same fermentation process.

Experts in the AZTI-Tecnalia continue researching the possibility to produce many other benefits from agricultural food subproduk, in its original form or in combination with a mix of other sources, such as mud from purification plants or household food waste. Other mixtures can be derived from food animals (purine), along with the rest of the fruits and vegetables from the market or supermarket, milk, whey, the remaining pieces of fish, aquaculture waste, and others.

Benefits derived from the biogas plant is very large for AZTI-Tecnalia. They were able to reduce the level of pollution caused by organic waste. Now, they dispose of waste into the environment much safer, both in terms of composition and the odor so that greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced. Along with this, these companies can also reduce their dependence on commercial energy sources, and began to use their successful energy production from materials that already exist.

At present, their bio-gas plant has become a complement to the company's main factories that produce these agricultural food. Experiment and other subproduk evaluation that can be used as raw material and energy alternative food products continue to be implemented. Along with this, also conducted an analysis of costs and environmental impacts, as well as find solutions for the formation of a higher quality process and optimized.

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Putin inaugurated a new oil terminal to serve Asia.

Moscow (AP): Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin opened a new oil export terminal which is a key gateway for the country's exports to Asian markets. Putin pressing the mouse on the computer to fill in Russian oil tanker which was sent to Hong Kong in Kozmino port terminals. "This terminal is important for Russia as a strategic project that allows us to enter emerging markets in the Asia Pacific region," Putin said in his opening speech today.

Russia is currently diversifying energy export most of the current flowing into the European market. Putin said the construction of the terminal Kozmino cost 60 billion rubles (about U.S. $ 2 billion). Kozmino is a destination point for a new pipeline through which crude oil from oil-rich region in eastern Siberia. The first pipeline section along the 2750 km link Taishet in eastern Siberia to Skovorodino, near the border with China, completed last month. This section to send oil to energy-hungry markets of China. For the second network stretching from Skovorodino to Kozmino, about 2100 km (1300 miles) to the east, still under construction. When it is finished oils will be taken away by train.

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Exxon closed refineries in Rotterdam.

LONDON (Bloomberg): Exxon Mobil Corp., the largest U.S. oil company, will close temporarily mention pengilangannya in Rotterdam for treatment.

Treatment in the unit, including desulfurization plant is expected flexicoker and ended in early March, said Bart Vermeulen, a spokesman for Exxon. Unit was closed in late December and the company hopes to meet customer needs during treatment.

Closing it would reduce the stock. This is a good time to perform maintenance, Distillate including diesel and gasoil, which is used in heating. Gasoil reserves in the area of Amsterdam-Rotterdam Antwerpin, oil trading center of Europe, recorded 2.61 million tons in the week ended December 30, compared with 2.14 million tons a year earlier, according to consultant PJK International BV.

Refinery in Rotterdam has a production capacity of about 191,000 barrels of oil per day, according to Exxon's Web site. Flexicokers change heavy oil into lighter products such as diesel fuel. Desulfurization unit to clean oil from sulfur.

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Continued investment in the Saudi oil industry.

RIYADH (Bloomberg): Saudi Arabia, the biggest oil supplier in the world, will continue to invest in oil industry to help efforts to maintain price stability at acceptable levels of producers and consumers.

"Saudi Arabia to continue efforts to achieve stability in the international oil market. Increased investment to boost production and refining capacity," said Finance Minister Ibrahim Al-Assaf in a speech today in front of a business delegation that includes Minister of China.

Saudis began to increase oil production and refining business which cost U.S. $ 100 billion to meet rising demand in Asia. The kingdom is pushing crude oil production capacity to 12.5 million barrels per day in June last year.

China Minister Chen Deming and Al-Assaf said in a news conference in Riyadh yesterday that the two countries plan to increase trade and investment.

Saudi Basic Industries Corp., the largest chemical producers in the world, and China Petroleum & Chemical Corp. will start production at a chemical plant in Tianjin in the first quarter I to meet demand in China.

Saudi Aramco, the state-owned oil company, also held talks with China Petroleum for a stake in the company's Qingdao refinery with a capacity of 200,000 barrels per day in Shandong Province.

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