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Showing posts with label waste. Show all posts

Sunday, March 21, 2010

Waste Eater catalyst.

Chemical experts were also concerned about environmental issues. There is such thing as "green chemistry" of the science of environmentally friendly chemicals. Pollution from industrial waste is now quite concerned. almost all the rivers that flow is no longer clear alias contaminated water. Biodegradable detergents even when used in excess will still damage the environment because the existing ecosystem off hand.

Health experts believe that the water purification process is also still contain pollutants that infinitesimal changes in the parts per million (ppm) to parts per trillon (ppt). Although very little, content of pollutants there could still damage the body's metabolic processes that lead to the intellectual level, immunity, reproduction, until the level of molecular genetics.

Green Chemistry?
We should be grateful that some chemical world development environment called 'green chemistry' has developed quite rapidly. In the last few decades misalny, Green Chemistry Institute of the American Chemical Society continued to support projects that care for the environment. One fairly successful project is Carnegie Mellon University's for Green Oxidation Chemistry. They successfully developed a catalyst that works like enzyme, a catalyst is called tetra-amido-Activators macrocyclic ligand (TAML).

TAML who worked with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can mimic the human body's enzymes work to break down dangerous toxins such as pesticides, textile dyes, and detergents. TAML also able to reduce levels of odor pollution, purify water, to be disinfectants to kill the anthrax bacteria level.

When TAML soluble in water, hydrogen peroxide activated by replacing TAML ligand with H2O2 to H2O groups TAML. Then, H2O2 is not stable H2O decomposes back into oxygen atoms leaving. This oxygen repel each other with iron atoms (Fe) contained in the center TAML group. Interaction is what makes TAML active and able to work as enzymes or free radical scavenger in this pollutant. (For the details can be found at www.cmu.edu / greenchemistry)

TAML believed to revolutionize the use of chlorine as an anti-pollutant that have been widely used industrial society and the world. At the laboratory level, TAML considered promising enough, but at the leve

l of another industry problem. TAML still have to be tested again to observe its effect on the environment when used in amounts not less. Do not let it be TAML new pollutants are no longer resolved. Activation levels high enough TAML also feared could damage the existing ecosystem level because the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus atropheus) capable TAML killed in 15 minutes. In addition, the cost is one of the things to consider, whether the cost to the process of synthesis TAML industrial revolution can draw a strong reaction from industry. Changing a chemical in industrial applications is not easy and inexpensive.

Green Chemistry applications even this still leaves a problem of its own. The people who are not thinking home easily dispose of waste with dreams that can handle TAML. Some seek to be clear that TAML contaminated water and after that the world community must be committed to more love nature. However, can it happen?

Monday, March 1, 2010

Neutralization.

Neutralization of waste water treatment.
Most of the industrial wastewater contain acidic substances (acidic) or base (alkaline) that need to be neutralized before discharge or before kebadan water into the waste treatment process, both the processing of biologic and chemical, the neutralization process can be performed before or after equalisasi process.

To optimize the processing microorganisme growth in biology, the pH should be kept in conditions between pH 6.5 to 8.5, because most active microb or live on the pH conditions. Coagulation and flocculation process will also be more efficient and effective if done at neutral pH conditions.

Neutralization is the addition of base (alkali) in the acidic effluent (pH 7). Selection of materials / reagents for the neutralization process largely determined by the price / cost and its practical, materials (reagents) used were:
- Acid:-sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Carbon dioxide (CCG2)
- Sulfur dioxide
- Nitric acid
- Base:-caustic soda (NaOH) Ammonia
- Soda Ash (Na2CO3) Limestone (CaCO3)

Liquid Waste.

Liquid waste comes from factories that are usually many uses of water in the system process. In addition there is also the raw materials that contain water in the processing process water should be discarded. Water shipped in and then disposed of processing such as when used to wash the material before being processed further.

Water plus certain chemicals and in-process and after it was removed, all types of treatment resulted in waste water. In some factories, such as a wire processing factory, zinc, iron steel - most of the water used for cooling or kitchen molding machine. Water is pumped from its source and then passed on parts that require cooling, and then discarded.

Therefore, the water looks plant channel flow in large volume. Water boiler will be removed at a certain time after the laboratory examination, because the water is no longer qualify as a water kettle and therefore must be discarded. At the same time also a number of water needed to wash the inside of the boiler water washing should also be discarded.

Washing factory floor every day for several specific plant needs water in large quantities. Fish cannery in need of washing water relative to the number of lots, amount of water needed constant washing of equipment, floors and lainlain, Karat should be washed before entering pencincangan and chopped at constant water flow to remove the sand borne ash.

Water from the factory with a number of both solids and soluble particles or sediment. This material is yangkasar and smooth. Water is often murky color of the factory and high temperature. Water containing toxic chemicals and harmful has its own character. Waste water has contaminated 577 provides features that can be visually identified can be known from turbidity, water color, taste, smell generated and other indications.

Meanwhile, laboratory identification, marked by changes in water chemistry in which water has been contained toxic chemicals and hazardous in concentrations that exceed recommended limits. Types of liquid waste industries include industries of pulp and rayon, the processing of crumb rubber, palm oil, steel and iron, cooking oil, paper, textiles, kaustiksoda, electro plating, plywood, tapioca flour, canning, dyeing and coloring, meat and others.

The amount of waste removed each of these industries depends on many production produced, and the type of production. Pulp and rayon industries produce waste water by 30 m3 per ton of pulp produced. For industrial fish and seafood waste water ranges from 79 m3 to 500 m3 per day; crumb rubber processing industry waste water of 100 m3 to 2000 m3 per day, palm oil processing industry has a waste water: average 120 m3 per medium-scale day.

Waste gases and particles.

Air is a medium for waste gas pollutants. Waste gas or fumes produced by the plant out with air. Air naturally contains chemicals such as O2, N2, NO2, CO2, H2 and Jain-other. The addition of gas into the air content exceeds the natural result of human activity will decrease air quality.

Through the air pollutant substances are classified into two parts namely particles and gases. The particles are fine grain and still rnungkin visible to the naked eye such as water vapor, dust, smoke, fog and pollution, while Fume-shaped gas aapat asked felt through smell (for a particular gas) or a direct result. These gases include SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, hydrocarbons and others.

For some particular material substance is solid contaminants and liquid. Because of a pressure or temperature conditions some solid material / liquid that can be turned into gas. Both particle and gas in particular consequences for health, human like coal dust, asbestos, cement, sulfur, smoke combustion, water vapor, gases sulfide, ammonia vapor, and others.

The resulting pollution depends on the type of waste, the volume of the loose in the free air and the length is in the air. Coverage through the air pollution could result in widespread because of the weather and climate contribute mempengaruhi.Pada night substances in the air falls back to earth with dew. The existence of small particles is continuously falling on the roof of the house, on the surface of the leaves on the morning shows air contains particles. Sometimes it rains sour.

Wind direction affect the pollution due to the nature of the gas and light particles easily carried away. The increase in the concentration of particles and gases in the air in several big cities and industrial areas generated a lot of influence, such as interference by the visibility of motor vehicle fumes, respiratory problems and to some specific diseases.

Type of industry became a source of air pollution through them:
- iron and steel industry
- cement industries
- motor-vehicle industry
- fertilizer industries
- aluminum industries
- electric power industry
- paper industries
- refinery industries
- pertamban industries

These industrial type air accumulation in the wind direction is affected, but because the source is the neighborhood stationer receive a very high risk of pollution impact.

On this basis the concentration of pollutants in the air need to be set so as not to cause disruption of human and other creatures around.

Industrial Waste.

Waste is waste whose presence at a particular time and place do not want their environment because they do not have the economic value of. The waste contains contaminants that are toxic and dangerous. This waste is known as B3 waste (toxic and hazardous materials).

This material is formulated as an ingredient in a number of relatively small but has the potential to pollute / damage the environment and living resources. Toxic and hazardous materials encountered daily, both as household and industrial stored, processed, traded, transported and others.

Insecticides, herbicides, solvents, cleaning liquid or powder detergent, ammonia, sodium nitrite, the gas in the tube, dyes, preservatives and many more to call it one by one. When viewed in chemical materials are composed of organic chemicals and inorganic.

There are five million chemicals are known and of which 60,000 species are used and more thousands of new chemicals every year are traded.

As a waste, its presence is concerned primarily sourced from the factory industriy toxic and hazardous materials are widely used as industrial raw materials as well as a helper. Toxic and hazardous wastes indicated by physical and chemical nature of the material itself, both of quantity and quality.

Some hazardous criteria stipulated among other flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing and reducing agents, irritation is not radioactive, mutagenic, pathogenic, easy to decompose and others.

In a certain amount with a certain level, his presence could harm human health or even kill other life that is necessary to establish the limits allowed in certain time lingkunganpada.

Limitation level and amount of toxic materials danberbahaya at a particular time and space known as the threshold value, which means the amount that can still be tolerated by the environment so as not to endanger the environment or the user, therefore for each type of toxic and hazardous materials have been
specified threshold value limit.

Hazard level of waste due to toxicity depends on the type and characteristics in both the short and long term in a relatively short period of no significant impact, but in the long run is fatal to the environment, therefore prevention and control should be formulated on the effects of a period of time long enough.

Seeing the waste properties, characteristics and the impact on the present and the future steps necessary to prevent, control and management.

Quality of Waste.

The Factors Affecting the Quality of Waste.

Volume
The quality of waste water is determined by the number of parameters in the waste and the concentration of each parameter. The more water volume of waste mixed with smaller concentrations of pollutants. Recipient agencies that receive the waste is often not under the influence.

Water Quality
Quality of recipient water bodies containing materials or certain compounds before accepting waste. Quality sets the direction of water usage. The existence of the same pollutants, will not affect the concentration of substances in the water recipient. But if the concentration of pollutants in the waste is greater than the concentration of pollutants in the body of the recipient (possibly none), the concentration of pollutants after mixing will be
smaller. The extent to which these concentrations can be tolerated in accordance with environmental quality standards for environmental quality has not changed as already standardized.

Water Uses
Water is needed for various purposes. Quality of drinking water for different purposes for industrial purposes.

Population Density
The population density in a particular location also influence the level of environmental pollution. This is associated with the level of population awareness in maintaining a healthy environment and clean. Household waste water, solid waste form
discharged into the river, the water bath and laundry room will affect the fecal waste tingkatkandungan BOD, COD and bacteria coli in river water. The more densely populated an environment more and more waste that must be controlled.

Environment
Environments such as forests, plantations, livestock, natural
573 broad impact on the recipient's body. In
certain contaminants agencies will naturally neutralized. Path length of river water with a strong turbulence will affect the absorption of oxygen into the water. The existence of direct sunlight into the recipient's body photosynthesis to occur a certain number of bacteria would be threatened. The existence of certain plants in the recipient's body will neutralize pollutant compounds in accordance with the conditions for growth.
Phosphat in waste water plants enrich certain, but the plant itself will damage the environment.

Wastewater volume
All the water in the plant are generally accommodated in the channels and then merged into a larger channel. Many channels and channel volume adjusted to factory conditions and the amount of water that will be discarded. Volume of waste water will determine the concentration of pollutants. Pollutants from a plant depends on the amount of materials wasted. With
assumption that all well controlled. Control is limited to contaminants that can not be avoided, then the concentration of pollution materials to be expected of them. The addition of water volume caused only concentration falls. In other words that due to dilution caused concentration falls automatically.

Frequency of Waste Disposal
Waste from a factory there are times when no fixed volume. For some specific plant waste water flows in the same amount every day, but there are other waste stream in the hours (time) even on a particular week or a month. Mixing of waste water on the amount of different concentrations of pollutants resulted in the recipient agency varies. This condition indicates that the environmental quality standards also changed in accordance with the waste received.

From the above description, the quality of the waste can be measured at two places ie, at the point before and after mixing with the recipient entity. Determination of the quality of this waste needs to get confirmation because of some underlying thing that is: if the waste is not discharged into a public place created its own place and not mixed with the recipient entity.

Waste treatment .

Industrial waste before discharge into exile, poured into rivers or ditches should be collected in a space provided, then processed, so that when forced to be discharged into the river does not cause water pollution. Even if you can not be processed after discharged into the river but can be used again for the purposes of their own industry.

Solid waste from households in the form of plastic or synthetic fibers that can not be described by the microorganisms are separated, and then processed into other useful materials, for example, can be processed into a doormat. Organic waste that can be broken down by microorganisms buried in the ground hole, then when it rot can be used as fertilizer.