polymers.

Polymer properties.
Thermal properties.
The nature of the polymer to heat there is to be soft when heated and hard when cooled, the polymer is called termoplas.
For example: plastic used for bags and plastic bottles.
While polymer becomes hard when heated called thermoset, for example melamine

Flexibility nature.
Polymers would have different flexibility with synthetic polymers. Natural polymers generally rather difficult to be printed at will, whereas the synthetic polymer molds made it easier to produce a particular shape. Rubber would be easier mengembangdan lost after too long kekenyalannya taxable gasoline or oil.

Resistance to microorganisms.
Natural polymers such as wool, silk, or cellulose can not stand on microorganisms or caterpillar (termites). While synthetic polymers are more resistant to microorganisms or worm.

Other properties.
Other polymer properties depend pemakainnnya for packaging or industrial equipment. For the purpose of packaging should be noted:
* Toxicity
* Power resistant to water, oil or hot
* Power through the air (oxygen)
* Flexibility
* Transparent

Usability And Against Environmental Impact Polymers.
In everyday life many of the items used are synthetic polymers ranging from plastic bags for shopping, plastic food and beverage packaging, plastic packaging, electrical equipment, tools, household appliances and electronic equipment. Each of our purchases in small quantities, for example diwarung, always we will have plastic wrap and plastic bags (keresek).

These items are synthetic polymers that can not be broken down by microorganisms. As a result, these items will accumulate in the form of waste that can not be decomposed. Or clogged drains causing flooding. Rubbish synthetic polymers do not burn, because it would produce dioxin compounds. Dioxin is a compound of highly toxic gases and carcinogenic (causing cancer).

Vinyl chloride plastic is not harmful, but the vinyl chloride monomer is very toxic and carcinogenic causing birth defects. Plastics are used as food wrappers, if exposed to heat will decompose monomernya concern and will mengontamiasi food.

To reduce plastic pollution:
1. Reduce use of plastic
2. Plastic garbage must be separated by organic waste, which can be recycled.
3. Do not throw plastic garbage carelessly.
4. Do not burn plastic waste.

To avoid the danger of poisoning due to the use of plastic:
1. Use a food packaging more secure, such as glass.
2. Use of smell, if the food / plastic smell minumam not used.

Condensation polymerization
In this condensation polymerization, in addition to producing polymer compounds also produce other substances that simple molecular structures (small).

Monomer + monomer + ... .. → Polymer + other substances

Nylon formation (synthesis)
Nylon manufacture of monomers heksanadionat acid (Adipic acid) with 1,6-diamino hexane. The reaction is a carboxylic group (-COOH) reacts with the amino group (-NH2) through a peptide bond (HNCO) and nylon and generate water molecules.

The formation of protein (natural)
Protein composed of D amino acids as monomers. Formation such as the nylon is the reaction of carboxylic groups (-COOH) with the amino group (-NH2) through a peptide bond (HNCO) with a protein and water.

Polymer Characterization
Characterization of polymers is based on:
1. Type of monomer, whether the same or different monomernya
2. Composition of monomer unit, whether organized or not
3. Polymer structure, whether straight, branched or network (crosslink).
Of these factors the polymer are classified into:

Homopolimer
This polymer-monomer terbenuk of similar monomers.

M + M + .... → - [M-M-M-M] --

Monomer Polymer
Copolymers
These polymers formed from the monomer-monomer is a different kind. And composition of monomers joined together.

Copolymers is further subdivided into:
Statistical copolymers: copolymer with a monomer composition of irregular form.

- [A - B - B - A - A - A - B - A - A - B - B - B] --

Block copolymers: composition of monomers that form a regular basis with a certain amount.

- [A - A - B - B - A - A - B - B - A - A - B - B] --

Alternating copolymers: composition of monomers alternately formed.

- [A - B - A - B - A - B - A - B - A - B - A - B] --

Branched copolymers: composition of monomers which is a branch.

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Ion exchanger.

River water and ground water at first accommodated in existing attraction that has a pump to flow into the mixing tub and given as flokulan alum. Water that has been poured into the tub alum to give time penggumpal flocculation impurities in the water. Water with impurities Flok-Flok pengendap poured into the tub to Flok-formed Flok down and separate from the water. Water coming out of the tub pengendap cleared but there were still floating impurities, therefore the water and then filtered with a filter to separate these particles.

Filtered water still contains dissolved substances that cause hardness. To remove dissolved impurities which are used substances that can absorb the ions in the solution. With the ion exchanger, water is expected to be used in the process has a hardness 0 even as little as possible to avoid crust.

Ion Exchange Equipment Condition

The process of removal of ions dissolved in water may involve a cation exchanger (cation exchanger) resin in the form of Na (R-Na). Process-sodium-ion exchange is the process most widely used to soften water. In this softening process, calcium ions and magnesium are removed from the high water berkesadahan by cation exchange with sodium. When the exchange resin was finished removing most of the 346 calcium and magnesium ions to its capacity limit, the resin was then regenerated back into the sodium form using a saline solution with a pH between 6 and 8. Polystyrene resin exchange capacity of 650 kg/m3 when the amount diregenerasikan with 250 g of salt per kilogram of hardness is removed.



To exchange cations or hydrogen natirum cycle typically used synthetic resin, styrene-sulfonat type divinilbenzena. These resins are very stable at high temperatures (up to 150 oC) and in pH between 0 and 14. In addition, this material is very resistant to oxidation. Total cation exchange capacity can reach 925 kg per cubic meter CaCO3 ion exchange with hydrogen cycle and up to 810 kg per cubic meter CaCO3 cycle in practice natrium.Namun operating capacity is not that high.

Softening of water in the reaction below, the symbol R indicates radical cation exchanger. These resins remove ions Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + cause hardness.
Reaction as follows:
CaCO3 + 2 R-Na -> R2-Ca + Na2C03
MgCO3 + 2 R-Na-> R2-Mg + Na2C03

When the furnace is a cation exchanger has been its ability to produce soft water, softener unit was stopped; then laundered through (backwash) to clean and classify the resin particles in the furnace was again: and then regenerated with a solution of common salt (sodium chloride) to remove calcium and magnesium in the form of soluble chloride and cation exchanger and returns it to the form of sodium.

Furnace was washed again to clean it from the side that can dissolve
and the excess salt; then returned to operation to further soften the water. Regeneration reaction using water gararn (NaCI) can be described as follows:
R2-Ca + 2 NaCI -> 2 R-Na + CaCl2
R2-Mg + 2 NaCI -> R-Na + MgCl2

While the anion content is not removed by the anion exchanger (anion exchanger). If the content is high anion, blowdown is usually done most of the water away and replaced with water-pollutant impurities kondensat.Selain above, there are various kinds of gases dissolved in water (C02, CF4, 02, H2S). Gas is eliminated by deaerator before entering the boiler. Deaerator works by heating the boiler water so that the gases can exit.

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Ion Exchange operates the tool.

In the double column process, the raw water first entered the field penulcar cation. Here sernua cations contained in the water (especially calcium ions, magnesium and sodium) exchange with hydrogen ions. Dalarn next column containing an anion exchanger, the anions (mainly chloride ions, sulphate and bicarbonate) exchanged with hydroxyl ions. Hydrogen ions from the cation exchanger and hydroxyl ions from the anion exchanger to form a bond and produce water.

After the water formed the ion exchange resins must be regenerated. Implementation of regeneration in double kolorn process is very simple. Into the cation exchange column asarn chloride flowed into the thin and anion exchanger columns streamed dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Excessive Regeneran further rinsed with water.

At the campfire mix - single column, cation exchange resins and anion exchanger mixed together in a single column. With the mix of fire can be achieved levels of water purity is much higher than with a double column process. In contrast, in the process of regeneration of resin mixture fire more complex exchange.

Working steps on fire regeneration mixture: Pernisahan cation exchange resins and anion exchange classification by using water (washing back from the bottom up). In this case the anion exchange resin that is lighter (much lighter color) will be above the cation exchange resin 349 is more severe (mostly darker). Washing should be held back until the two resin layers seen a sharp separation.

1. For regeneration, together with water regeneran channeled through two layers of dilute chloride resin acids derived from the bottom up through the cation exchange resin, and expelled from the column at the height of pernisah layer. Dilute sodium hydroxide solution flows from top to bottom through the anion exchange resin, was also issued at the height part of the separator layer.
2. Excess second regeneran then washed with water
3. Water surface elevation in the second column is derived and mixed exchange resins by compressed air entering from the bottom of the column.
4. Repeated washing with water pit mix from top to bottom, until the gauge shows the condition of the conductivity of the desired purity.

Now the installation is ready for operation again. Both the installation and the installation pclunakan water demineralisasi, then transfer from the operating conditions of the regeneration process, the implementation of their own regeneration, and pengalilian kembah to 350 operating conditions can be done either manually or automatic.

To achieve water quality or optimal performance and to prevent damage to the exchange resin, then the work instructions provided by the manufacturer of the installation (eg on the order of operations, the quantity and concentration regeneran, regeneration time and washing time) should be followed closely.

Caution: When working with Dain acid bases necessary for regeneration, personal safety equipment appropriate to be used. Waste water which came out in the regeneration can be acidic, alkaline or saline. and therefore in relation to environmental protection should be treated as chemical waste water.

The size of an installation performance ion exchange is the quantity of fluid produced per hour (or interval between two regeneration). Performance depends on the size or quantity instrument exchange, the quantity of ions to be separated (in terms of water purity has certain desired) and at the required level of purity. For the semi-continuous operation (when the water treatment bolch not stop in the middle) required two units are connected in parallel. Because the process of exchange and regeneration process can not take place at the same time, both units are working in turn, in exchange for one another when being regenerated.

Several types of exchange process is often combined together. For example to ease the burden of installing the main kolorn campfire mix (to improve perforinansinya) can be installed a water softener column in front of him.

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Internal Processing.

In boiler water treatment aimed at controlling corrosion, scale and foam that comes with the addition of chemicals. Corrosion can be prevented by removal of oxygen and adjust the pH is alkaline. Crust (scaling) is controlled by binding hardness in water. To control scale and corrosion are used WQ containing sodium bisulfite and sodium triphosphate. Sodium bisulfite will bind oxygen so that corrosion can be avoided. 'm Natritum phosphate compounds will react with the cause of hardness 356 to form Ca3 (PO4) 2 in the form of mud and tend to settle at alkaline pH. Mud will gather at the bottom of the kettle and was issued with the blowdown.

2 NaHS03 + O2 -> 2 NaHSO4
2 Na3PO4.12 H2O + 3 CaCO3 -> Ca3 (PO4) 2 + 3 Na2CO3 + 4 H2O
2 Na3PO4.12 H2O + 3 CaSO4 -> C43 (PO4) 2 + 3 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
Cooling Tower (cooling tower)

Cooling tower water used to cool the condensate before entering into the kettle. Water is passed on the lattice - the lattice, forming a curtain of water and given a blower at the top to suck out hot air and in the lattice.

Some cooling tower made of red wood, which is a kind of wood is very resistant (durable) if the constant contact with the water 357. Material Form (internal packing) is usually a wooden structure that is placed horizontally. Tower space is very large, usually more than 90% so that the pressure drop (pressure drop) of air can be as low as possible.

Surface area of contact between air and water not only on the liquid film on the surface of the packing, but also on the surface of water droplets falling and resembles the rain. The flow of air and water in the cooling tower can be cross or opposite directions (counter current) or a combination of both.

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Steam boilers.

As already mentioned above that the boiler is an aircraft that is used to change the water in it into steam by heating. With the IAR intermediaries such material, then in the boiler must be no room or place of water.

instance, for boiler water pipes, water in the pipapipa, while foreplay from the outside (around) the tube. In contrast to the fire tube boilers, water in the pipes around the fire. How to put the fire pipes or water pipes are made in such a way that a water circulation and the formation of a good steam. With a 359 heat required for the formation of steam, the boilers should be complemented with a kitchen. Kinds of kitchen construction should also be placed such that the circulation of water in a kettle perfect.

In the combustion of fuel to the combustion air as well. Air circulation is made so that burning fuel can be run well. Steam formed in the kettle has a greater pressure than the outside air pressure, the boiler must be able to withstand the vapor pressure. Boiler strength depends of the shape and material.

Form a stronger to withstand greater pressure than in a round convex shape and the shape of a cylinder because it is difficult to change such a shape that is caused by pressure from within. But the round convex shape is not used for the boiler because of its construction is difficult to do. Therefore boilers generally made in the form of a cylinder.

Material for the boiler must be good because in addition to endure high pressure should also be resistant to high temperatures. Usually used Siemens-Martin steel is tough and easy to do.

scheme in the boiler process.

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Boiler Maintenance and thermal fluid heater.

Tasks and periodic checks on the outside of the boiler. All the doors of access and work areas must be treated with airtight gasket 362 is effective to use. Chimney system must have a connection that effectively closed and if necessary isolated.

Shell boilers and parts thereof should be well insulated and must ensure that the insulation is sufficient. If insulation is used in boilers, pipes and hot water cylinder installed several years ago, almost certainly the insulation is thin, although apparently in good condition. Keep in mind that insulation is installed when the fuel cost is very low. The addition would be better thickness.

At the end of warm-up time / use, during the summer, the boiler must be fully closed and fully covered the surface of the plate with dessicant inserts. (Only applicable to boilers that are not operated between the heating time / usage.)

Increasing steam and hot water boilers.

Dirt in the boiler water that collects in the boiler, has a concentration limit depends on the type and boiler load. Boiler blow down should be minimized, but the density of water provision should be maintained. Heat from blow down water should be used.

In steam boilers, water treatment is sufficient to prevent the formation of foaming (the formation of foam / froth) or priming and consequently carry the excess water and chemicals into the steam system? For the steam boiler, whether the automatic control of the water surface to work? The existence of interconnection pipes can be very dangerous. Is pengecekkan has done regularly for air leaks around the boiler, door or between the boiler and chimney? The former will reduce the efficiency, the latter can reduce the quality of steam and drought led to condensation, corrosion, and Smutting.

required ratio of fuel / air is set. Detector and the existing control equipment should be labeled and checked periodically. Display lock should have a manual tuner and alarm. Testing should be done, or installation of permanent indicators for monitoring the condition of burner pressure conditions / operating temperature.

In the boiler fuel oil or gas, the system wires to disable links fussible / shutdown if there is a fire or overheating across the street through which employees, must be placed in a position above his head. Emergency shutdown facility located at the exit boiler room.

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Utilities Systems Air Press.

Plant industries using compressed air for the entire production operation, which is produced by compressed air units that range from 5 horsepower (hp) to over 50,000 hp. DepartemenEnergi U.S. 364 (2003) reported that 70 to 90 percent loss of compressed air in the form of heat that can not be used, friction, misuse and noise. Thus, the compressor and the compressed air system becomes an important area for improving energy efficiency in industrial plant.

Is a valuable record that the cost to run the compressed air system is much higher than the price the compressor itself (see Figure 5-11). Energy savings from system improvements can range from 20 to 50 percent or more of electricity consumption, resulting in thousands and even hundreds of thousands dollars. Compressed air system is managed properly can save energy, reduce maintenance, reduce the time termination of operation, increase production and improve quality.

Compressed air system consists of the supply, which consists of kompesor and air treatment, and the demand, which consists of distribution & storage systems and end user equipment. Parts supply is properly managed will result in cleaner air, dry, stable, sent on the pressure required a cost effective manner.

Part request properly managed to minimize waste and 365 air compressed air usage for tepat.Perbaikan implementation and achievement of peak performance of the compressed air system requires the system of supply and demand and the interaction between the two.
Main Components Compressed Air System

Compressed air system consists of the following major components: air filters, inter-stage cooling, after-coolers, air dryers, water content spending traps, receiver, piping network, filter, regulator and lubrication (see Figure 5-12).

1. Sign Air Filter: Prevent the dust into the compressor; Dust causes sticky valve / faucet, damaging the cylinder and excessive consumption.
2. Inter-stage cooling: Menurunan the air temperature before entering the next stage to reduce the compression work and increase efficiency. Usually used water cooling.
3. After-Coolers: The goal is to remove the water content in the air with a temperature decrease in water-cooled heat exchangers.
4. Air Dryer: The remains of the water content after the after-cooler is removed by using air dryers, for compressed air for pneumatic tools and equipment must be free of water content. Water content is removed by using the adsorbent like silica gel / activated carbon, or refrigerant dryer, or heat from the dryer compressor itself.
5. Spending Traps Moisture: Trap expenditure diguakan water content to remove water content in compressed air. It resembles the steam trap traps. Various types of traps used is manual expenditure faucet, valve or the automatic spending based on time and others.
6. Recipient: The recipient is provided as a store of air and pulse output penghalus air - to reduce the pressure variation from the compressor.

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Type Compressors.

In a positive-displacement type, number of air or gas in-traps in the compression space and is mechanically volumnya decreased, causing a certain pressure and then streamed out. At constant velocity, the air flow remains constant with variations in spending pressures.

Enegi dynamic compressor speed to provide air or gas flow is continuously using a rotating impeller at very high speeds. Velocity energy into pressure energy due to the influence of impeller and volute expenditure or diffusers. In the dynamic type of centrifugal compressor, the shape of the blade-blade impeller determine the relationship between air flow and pressure (or head) is raised.

Reciprocating compressors.

In the industry, most reciprocating compressors used to compress air and refrigerant.Prinsip both work like a bicycle pump with the flow out characteristics which remained almost constant in the range of a particular expenditure pressures. Also, the compressor capacity directly proportional to the velocity. Output, such as pulses.

Reciprocating compressors are available in various configurations; there are four types of the most widely used is the horizontal, vertical, horizontal balanceopposed, and tandem. Types of vertical reciprocating compressors used for the capacity between 50 to 150 cfm. Horizontally opposed compressor is used to balance capacity between 200 - 5000 cfm for multistage designs and up to 10.000 cfm single stage design (National Productivity Council, 1993).

Reciprocating air compressor is usually a single action where the emphasis is only using one side of the piston. Compressor that works using two sides of the piston is called the action is considered ganda.Sebuah compressor single stage compressor
if the whole emphasis is to use a single cylinder or a cylinder parallel.

Some application of compression performed on a stage. Ratio
compression that is too large (out of absolute pressure / pressure in absolute) can cause excessive temperatures ataumasalah expenditure other designs. Two-stage machines are used for high pressure usually has a temperature lower expenditure (140 to 160oC), whereas at one stage engine higher temperature (205 to 240oC).



Dynamic Compressor.

Centrifugal air compressor (see Figure 5-16) is a dynamic compressor, which depends on the transfer of energy from the impeller rotates in the air. Rotor do this work by changing moments and the air pressure. This moment changed to a certain pressure to decrease slowly in the air difuser static.

Centrifugal air compressors are designed compressor lubricant free. The lubricated gear lubricating oil is separated from the air by using sil separators on atmospheric and ventilation shaft. A centrifugal compressor works continuously, with few moving parts, more suitable for use in large volume in which oil-free is required on air.

Centrifugal air compressor with cooling water and can form packages; particular package including aftercooler and all controls. Compressor characteristic is known to differ when compared with the small reciprocating.Perubahan engine compression ratio to produce the large changes in the compression and efficiency. Centrifugal machine is more suitable for large capacity applied over 12.000 cfm.

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Fuel Factory.

Fuel is defined as material which when burned can continue the combustion process itself, along with heat expenditure. The fuel can form solids, liquids, or gases that can react with oxygen (air) in eksoterm. Eksoterm heat of reaction can be directly used for heating or often also changed first into other energy forms (typically into steam).

Significant quantities of hot fuel is low "(lower Calorific Value), which states the amount of heat that usually obtained in the combustion under normal circumstances. This quantity is expressed dalarn units kcal / kg, kJ / kg, kcal / ml or kJ / mi. The more refined measure of fuel, the faster the material is burned and the easier it is measuring and setting. In addition, the excess air required for combustion is smaller.

This means the temperature is higher. For example, use of heat from the combustion process directly is: to cook in the kitchens of households, heating installations, are examples of the use of indirect heat is: nergi heat converted into mechanical, such as the motor fuel; heat converted into electrical energy, eg the diesel power plants; power gas and steam power.
Combustion

Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction between oxygen and combustible materials, accompanied by the emergence of light and generate heat. Spontaneous combustion is the burning of where the material that oxidized perlahanlahan generated heat is not released, but used to raise the temperature of the material gradually until it reaches the temperature of the flame.

Perfect combustion is the burning of which all constituents can be burned in the fuel to form CO2, water (= H2O), and SO2 gas, so that no more material left to burn.
Kinds of Fuel

1. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
2. Nuclear fuel, such as uranium and plutonium. In the nuclear fuel, heat obtained from the chain reaction
3. Other fuels, such as: the rest of the plants, vegetable oil, animal oil.

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Cleanliness of laboratory equipment.

Cleanliness of laboratory equipment, whether in the form of equipment or non-glass container glass such as polyethylene, polypropylene and Teflon, is a very fundamental part of laboratory activities and is an important element in quality assurance programs.

Attention to the cleanliness of these items should be improved and should be proportionate to the level of interest test, the required measurement accuracy and decreasing the concentration analit to be determined.

Each laboratory should establish adequate procedures for cleaning equipment and non-glass cups that are used in a variety of tests. If a particular test methodology requires a specific cleaning procedure, the procedure must be followed.

How to Clean General Laboratory Equipment.

The process of cleaning must be done immediately after the equipment is used. Disposing of hazardous materials and corrosive cleaning equipment is cleaned before. Washing equipment must be manually or automatically using a suitable detergent to use.

Organic residues require treatment with Chromic acid cleaning solution. Equipment must be dried and stored under conditions that do not allow the occurrence of contamination by dust or other materials.

How To Clean Balance.

Cleanliness scales should be checked after each use, parts and weighing should be cleaned with a brush, soft cloth or paper (tissue) and clean up the overall balance the scales must be turned off 392, then the dish (pan) the scales can be removed and the entire balance can be cleaned by using cleaning like a soft detergent, combine water and ethanol / alcohol. After cleaning the scales on and after a heated, check back with the child's scale.

How to Cleaning and Caring for bath water (Water Bath) Thermostat.

Treatment on a regular basis by the customer Service is not required. Cleaning required at treatment (such as cleaning blade-blade / vane wheel) conducted by the laboratory operator in accordance with manufacturer instructions.

Media heating and Tools.

Media heating (eg water) must be replaced in case of contamination to be seen (such as particles, contamination from the reagents). Surface of the device should be cleaned by using cleaning (soap / detergent used). Contamination is stronger (the deposits of limestone), can be removed with special cleaning / matching (eg, dilute acetic acid).

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Year 2011 was named the International Year of Chemistry in 2011.

precisely in 2011 was named the International Year of Chemistry in 2011 (International Year of Chemistry - IYC 2011 - Our Life, Our Future). The idea of the International Year of Chemistry in 2011 was first launched in August 2007 at a general meeting of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in Turin Italy. This idea was well received by the board of the UN and the UN meeting in December 2008, IUPAC and the Organization of Education, Science, and Culture of the United Nations (UNESCO) agreed to celebrate the year 2011 as International Year of Chemistry. Year 2011 also coincided with the commemoration of 100 years of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Mme Maria Sklodowska Curie, who is also in remembrance of the contribution of women to science.

The role of chemicals in human life is so important, all good solid material, solvents and gases are composed of various chemical elements and even the whole process of life is determined by various chemical reactions. IUPAC and UNESCO realized it was time to commemorate the success of chemistry and its contribution to human life.

"International Year of Chemistry will increase the global appreciation of the development of chemical science in our lives and our future. I hope this commemoration can increase public awareness of chemical and enhance young people's interest to sciences and to provide a bright future for the future of chemistry ", remarks from the Chairman of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Professor Jung-Il Jin at the UN meeting.

"I welcome the opportunity to commemorate one of the chemicals as the basis of science," said Koichiro Matsuura, Director General of UNESCO, "Increasing public awareness of chemistry is of vital importance in order to answer the challenges of sustainable development. It is essential that chemistry plays an important role in developing alternative sources of energy and support the world population continues to grow "he added.

In commemorating the International Year of Chemistry in 2011 will be planned many activities and events both regionally, nationally and internationally well-supported by the national chemical associations, educational institutions, industry, government and non-governmental organizations. Activities and events are trying to introduce to the broad public about the role of chemistry, providing solutions to global challenges, and build a young generation who care about science.

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Work safety in the laboratory.

Chemical laboratory is studying the completeness of a program that is used to improve the skills and the use of the use of chemicals and analytical equipment (instrumentation). In the use of information, the lab is a means to carry out scientific research activities. Chemical laboratory with all its fittings and equipment where the chemicals are potentially harmful to its users if the workers in them are not equipped with knowledge about health and safety.

Occupational safety and health in philosophy is a thought and effort to ensure the integrity and perfection of both physical and spiritual. With occupational health and safety then the users are expected to do the job safely and comfortably. Jobs safe to say if anything done by the workers, the risk that may arise can be avoided. Pekejaan comfortably say if the workers concerned can do to feel comfortable and at home, so not easily tired.

Occupational safety and health is one aspect of labor protection by means of implementing all aspects of control technology is potentially harmful to the workers. Control is also directed to a potential source of illness due to the type of job, accident prevention and workplace penserasian equipment / machinery / instruments, and human characteristics to run the job and the people around him. Control technology by applying occupational safety and health, labor is expected to reach the physical endurance, power, and high levels of health. Besides safety and health can be expected to create employment and ksenyamanan high work safety.

Development of knowledge through various research and experiments in the laboratory was so rapid. The development of rapid science is very useful for human life. However, such rapid growth is also feared to potentially increase the danger in the industry. If the principle of balance and harmony held by scientists and entrepreneurs, will these concerns can be minimized. Increased ability to make tools with new technology must be balanced with the creation of control devices are more sophisticated and more power capability beertambah. Some things to note in the face of dangers that may arise as a result of developments in science and technology, among other measures related to equipment, control devices, capabilities and skills of workers, disaster prevention equipment, and supervision carried out.

From the economic aspect of the use of large capacity is more profitable, but the danger that may arise will also be great. Thus the determination of the size of the reactor should be based on profits from the economic aspect and the danger that may arise. One of the security measures undertaken in the design and construction is the use of safety factors or over-design factor in the design calculations of each instrument with a range of 10 to 20%. Control devices must be more sophisticated and more reliable. Safety devices associated with the production equipment and respiratory protection for workers should be improved. The cost to build safety and health, the cost of buying untum safety equipment is large enough. However, occupational safety and health will also be more secure. Ability and skills of workers should be improved through education and training so as to keep pace with developments in science and technology. Disaster prevention tools must be improved so that plagues Applied caused by advanced technologies do not extend and damage. Supervision of equipment and the workers should be done regularly and continuously.

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Putin inaugurated a new oil terminal to serve Asia.

Moscow (AP): Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin opened a new oil export terminal which is a key gateway for the country's exports to Asian markets. Putin pressing the mouse on the computer to fill in Russian oil tanker which was sent to Hong Kong in Kozmino port terminals. "This terminal is important for Russia as a strategic project that allows us to enter emerging markets in the Asia Pacific region," Putin said in his opening speech today.

Russia is currently diversifying energy export most of the current flowing into the European market. Putin said the construction of the terminal Kozmino cost 60 billion rubles (about U.S. $ 2 billion). Kozmino is a destination point for a new pipeline through which crude oil from oil-rich region in eastern Siberia. The first pipeline section along the 2750 km link Taishet in eastern Siberia to Skovorodino, near the border with China, completed last month. This section to send oil to energy-hungry markets of China. For the second network stretching from Skovorodino to Kozmino, about 2100 km (1300 miles) to the east, still under construction. When it is finished oils will be taken away by train.

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Exxon closed refineries in Rotterdam.

LONDON (Bloomberg): Exxon Mobil Corp., the largest U.S. oil company, will close temporarily mention pengilangannya in Rotterdam for treatment.

Treatment in the unit, including desulfurization plant is expected flexicoker and ended in early March, said Bart Vermeulen, a spokesman for Exxon. Unit was closed in late December and the company hopes to meet customer needs during treatment.

Closing it would reduce the stock. This is a good time to perform maintenance, Distillate including diesel and gasoil, which is used in heating. Gasoil reserves in the area of Amsterdam-Rotterdam Antwerpin, oil trading center of Europe, recorded 2.61 million tons in the week ended December 30, compared with 2.14 million tons a year earlier, according to consultant PJK International BV.

Refinery in Rotterdam has a production capacity of about 191,000 barrels of oil per day, according to Exxon's Web site. Flexicokers change heavy oil into lighter products such as diesel fuel. Desulfurization unit to clean oil from sulfur.

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Maybe the Great State Discuss Iran Nuclear Program This Week.

Washington (ANTARA News / Reuters) - big countries namely U.S., UK, France, Russia and China - plus Germany, may soon meet to discuss Iran's nuclear program, said the U.S. State Department, Monday. U.S., which accuses Iran of secretly trying to make atomic weapons with civilian nuclear programs veil, last week said they have started talking about new sanctions to pressure the Tehran government to abandon its nuclear program is not hurting ordinary citizens.

Tensions over Iran's nuclear program culminated in some time after they rejected the nuclear deal brokered UN atomic agency and also announced plans to build 10 new uranium enrichment plant. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has so far mediate a plan in which Iran would send enriched uranium to the low level of Russia and France, but Tehran has rejected the proposal.

Based on that initiative, Iran was given the option to send about 75 percent enriched uranium in a low-level overseas to be turned into fuel plates for the purposes of making Tehran reactor isotopes for cancer treatment. When asked whether Iran's refusal will lead to implementation of new sanctions, one source who knows these negotiations say that there is a general discussion of the sanctions but no detailed things started to talk about.

Major countries of the world wants to reduce Iran's uranium reserves fall below levels needed to make an atomic bomb - if the uranium was enriched in a high level. Israel and some Western countries accuse Iran of using its nuclear program as a cover for making atomic weapons, but Tehran insists that its nuclear program only for peaceful civilian purposes.

Iran responded with even threatened to attack Israeli installations that make nasty bombs and nuclear weapons if they were attacked by the Jewish state. Israel, the only Middle Eastern country that has nuclear weapons but not announced, never rule out a military strike against Iranian nuclear facilities to prevent Tehran's atomic weapons. Repeatedly Iran war exercises and show off new weapons to demonstrate its readiness to respond to military action of its nuclear facilities.

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Continued investment in the Saudi oil industry.

RIYADH (Bloomberg): Saudi Arabia, the biggest oil supplier in the world, will continue to invest in oil industry to help efforts to maintain price stability at acceptable levels of producers and consumers.

"Saudi Arabia to continue efforts to achieve stability in the international oil market. Increased investment to boost production and refining capacity," said Finance Minister Ibrahim Al-Assaf in a speech today in front of a business delegation that includes Minister of China.

Saudis began to increase oil production and refining business which cost U.S. $ 100 billion to meet rising demand in Asia. The kingdom is pushing crude oil production capacity to 12.5 million barrels per day in June last year.

China Minister Chen Deming and Al-Assaf said in a news conference in Riyadh yesterday that the two countries plan to increase trade and investment.

Saudi Basic Industries Corp., the largest chemical producers in the world, and China Petroleum & Chemical Corp. will start production at a chemical plant in Tianjin in the first quarter I to meet demand in China.

Saudi Aramco, the state-owned oil company, also held talks with China Petroleum for a stake in the company's Qingdao refinery with a capacity of 200,000 barrels per day in Shandong Province.

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Indonesia biodiesel in the country.

JAKAK1A - PT Eterindo Wahanatama Tbk. will fciffiHn shares of -43 per cent complained 100 percent in two oil palm companies in Pontianak. West Kalimantan peniagangan and distribution company produktni business wants to focus on biodiesel. Merged Ulama Wahaoataina r-wA-menfiacaKMD Immanuel Sutarto PSDA December 2009 the company has acquired 4X31 per cent stake in PT Bhumi Universe Matska FT Makndo dae Khatufistwa Buzzingstock Future Call Performance with 43.07 percent of the transaction value of 48-5 billion rupiah

Both companies now have extensive plantations around 20,000 hectares in Pontianak. West Kalimantan, it is a subsidiary of PT Global Natural Resources. Furthermore, the company plans to increase its share to 100 percent. For that. companies spend about 50 billion dollars expected by Immanuel kasmtemat easy biodiesel business in a prospective long Tangka because many countries in the world will be a thin line of fossil fuel to biodiesel from vegetable or increasingly scarce and expensive fossil fuel prices are.

This year. biodiesel demand in Indonesia alone is estimated at 2.8 million to 4.2 million pounds per year Toer. The price of biodiesel has also continued to crawl up from the average price in 2009 of 800 U.S. doUar hitched too kil pet will be 920 to 940 in 2010. Immanuel berharapkus to disclose the business side of biodiesel, revenues and profits will rise, but the increase was not expected to be felt next four years as production of oil palm plantations which have been produced Hiaimjcj.

Benchmark price
This year. chemical products business is expected to contribute to 0 percent and total revenue. biodiesel business while about 30 percent. Pciieioau revenue target this year to grow about 10 persen.Sekjen Producers Association Paul Bnfud Indonesia lAprobil said Tjakrawan national biodiesel industry would be excited if there is impartiality of the government. Saar, the government has not pro-rated biodiesel industry therein

Indications that, he added. te-mirror and the benchmark price used by the government (Pertamina) which does not use standard international prices or below cost economics. If the government is committed to develop biodiesel inzm advised the government to buy the entire company tmxfcrtrl produced.

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Plant Design Basic.

in the plant design basis of all chemical engineering should be applied both in terms of a process flow diagram, the logic of chemical engineering, a reference, so also in the determination of operating conditions, selection tools, etc.

How to design a plant that does not do problem solving, for example in the case of the optimization process to get the cost price wise but still ensure the sustainability of the process will be made. Is not that part of problem solving?

the logic process will never be properly tested without ever learning from past mistakes, that is no problem, people to hone logic.

For example :

in the manufacture process flow diagram (PFD). applied in the actual plant is P & ID and PFD is not. If a factory in the design, ranging from FEED him, his safety review, to start-up stage of her. But usually once the process started that could not be done in accordance with what is written on paper PFD, then what? "problem solving". a conclusion, "problem solving" is a very important influence in the system. If you want to get the perfect result, then a factory must be able to manage the "problem solving".

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Burning Chemical Factory, 72 thousand people were evacuated

Hermawan Network - Texas, a great fire swept a chemical plant in the City of Bryan, Texas, United States (U.S.). As a result, approximately 72 thousand people were evacuated from the city.

As a result of fire, thick smoke blanketed the town orange. No one seriously injured in the fire incident. But mass forced evacuation after smoke covering almost all areas of Bryan, about 160 kilometers northwest of Houston.

So large flames until firefighters could not tame it.

"Unit firefighters could not extinguish the fire is for the safety of firefighters," said city spokesman Kendall Kessel as quoted by AFP news agency on Friday (31/7/2009).

"So they let (the plant) burned that it took hours to actually burn," he added.

According to Kessel, the danger comes from the amount of ammonium nitrate stored in the warehouse that burned the factory.

Evacuation process went smoothly. Residents have been placed in shelters.

"This dangerous chemicals and we do not want to wait and see if it will get worse. We need to act now," said fire chief Mike Donoho on citizen evacuation process.

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Processing Technology Plus Instruments.

The CIA2005 (ChemAsia, InstrumentAsia, AnaLabAsia), EnviromexAsia and WatermexAsia Exhibitions, will be held at Suntec City, Singapore on 29 November to 2 December 2005 this. This international exhibition will feature processing technology and its supporting instruments are scientifically tested, especially for the processing environment, waste, and water.

CIA2005, will feature the latest technology in process engineering (engineering), controls, and instruments such as the laboratory, to support the process of chemical and petrochemical, refinery, pharmaceutical plant, as well as industry and paper pulp.

While EnvironmexAsia and WatermexAsia2005 will bring environmental technology and the advanced waste treatment. This is useful for environmental control and pollution treatment, water purification, repair and disposal of waste water treatment, waste recycling, measurement, testing and calibration, and many others. The main purpose of the exhibition is to give the appearance of new forms of environmental processing and sustainable solutions to countries in Asia, particularly issues related to urban and industrial environments thrive.

CIA2005 will offer visits to the company, which moves in Indonesia palm oil, chemical and petrochemical processing, refining, pharmaceutical industry, as well as industrial pulp and paper, technology products and innovative services. Industry heavyweights such as Beaver, Daihan, Elma, Excel Marco, Fisher Scientific, Georg Fischer, Invensys, Merck, Memmert, Miliipore, Vega, Yokogawa and many others will host this event. There will also be a group exhibition from Australia, Germany, South Korea, Singapore, and England.

In this exhibition, visitors can find scientific equipment and analytical systems, the supply of laboratory equipment chemicals, industrial networks, field equipment, instrumentation and control systems, sensors, measurement, testing and calibration systems. In addition there are safety equipment, heat transfer systems, technology, filtration, separation and many others.

Chairman of Environmental Compartment Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Kadin) Indonesia Ilhamy Elias said, the CIA and EnvironmexAsia and WatermexAsia are important events for business people of Indonesia. "This is the place where the technology needed by Indonesia, which is developing the industry can be found and imported. The exhibition also has a wide range of products and services. This is an appropriate event to network and form business alliances," he said, in Jakarta, last week. Along with the exhibition, will also be held the CIA2005 International Conference to be held from 30 November to 2 December. This international conference will discuss issues of safety and reliability, networking and communications industries, productivity and asset management and field equipment for testing and measurement, as well as automation and control strategies.

Investment
According to Elias, Indonesia needs to invest in new processing equipment, as well as environmental technology. This is to maximize the production of palm oil industry to meet growing world demand for biological fuel. With the rising fuel prices biological fuel (bio fuel) has returned to global interests. And the countries working to reduce harmful emissions to meet the target of the Kyoto Protocol rules. Under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol, which applies this year, industrial countries have committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5 percent in the year 2008 to 2012.

This will result in a higher demand for palm oil for use in manufacturing bio-diesel fuel. Indonesia is the producer and exporter of palm oil in the world's second largest. Therefore, many investors who are considering establishing biodiesel plants in this country.

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Impact of Air Pollution by Sulfur Oxide, (Sox).

Sulfur oxide gases or often written with the Sox made up of gases SO2 and SO3 gases that they both have different qualities. Strong-smelling gas SO2 and non-flammable, whereas SO3 gas is highly reactive. SO3 gas easily reacts with the water vapor in the air to form sulfuric acid or H2SO4. Sulfuric acid is highly reactive, easy to react (to eat) other objects that cause damage, such as perkaratan process (corrosion) and other chemical processes.

Sox have a characteristic strong smell, are corrosive (causes rust), toxic because it is always in the oxygen to reach the stability of gas phasa. Sox cause respiratory system disorders, if the level of 400-500 ppm would be very dangerous, 8-12 ppm cause eye irritation, smelly 3-5 ppm.

SO2 gas concentrations in the air will begin to be detected by human senses (smell the smell) when kensentrasinya ranged from 0.3 to 1 ppm. So in this case is the dominant gas SO2. However, the gas will be met with existing oxygen in the air and then SO3 gas formed through the following reaction:

2SO2 + O2 (udara) -> 2SO3

the use of coal as a fuel in some industrial activities such as those in Western European countries and the United States, causing the gas levels in the air increases Sox. The reaction between gases Sox with water vapor in the air to form sulfuric acid and acid sulfite. If the sulfuric acid and acid sulfite down to earth with the fall of rain, there was what is known or denagn Acid Rain acid rain. Acid rain is very harmful because it can damage crops and soil fertility. In some industrialized countries, has a lot of acid rain became a very serious problem because it is damaging. The forest bare by the fall of acid rain will cause more severe environment.

Sox air pollution mainly comes from the use of new coal used in industrial activities, transportation, and so forth. Sulfur in the form of mineral coal iron peritis or FeS2 and can also form metal sulfide minerals such as PBS, HgS, ZnS, CuFeS2 and Cu2S. In the process of iron and steel industry (metal furnace) generated a lot of Sox because the minerals are bound metals in the form of many sulfide. In the process of melting metal sulfide converted into metal oxide. This process also eliminates sulfur and metals because of the sulfur content of the metal impurities. At high temperature metal sulfide easy dioxide into metal oxides through the following reaction:

2ZnS + 3O2 -> 2ZnO + 2SO2

2PbS + 3O2 -> 2PbO + 2SO2

Besides depending on the solution used coal as fuel, gas distribution Sox, into the environment also tergnatung drai meteorological conditions and local geography. Air humidity also affects the speed of change in the Sox into sulfuric acid and acid sulfite which will gather together the cloud that would eventually fall as acid rain. Acid rain is causing damage to forests in Europe (especially in Germany) because many industries of iron and steel smelting involving the use of coal or oil in the country.

Sources and exposure patterns
Although natural sources (volcanic or geothermal) may be present in some places, anthropogenic sources, the burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur, dominate the urban areas. These include:

* Source of basic (power plants, factories burning, mining and metal processing)
* Source regions (domestic and district heating)
* Source mobile (diesel engine)

Paparandan duration patterns often show regional differences and a significant season, depending on the dominant source and distribution space, the weather and the spread. At high concentrations, which lasted for several days during winter, the winter months which is stable when the spread is limited, still occurs in many parts of the world where coal is used for the heating. Sources usually dominate the area on several occasions, results in a homogeneous pattern of concentration and exposure / opening.

In contrast, the distance events, a short time from minutes to hours may occur as a result of fumigation, dissemination or direction of the wind from the primary source. The results of exposure patterns vary substantially, depending on the altitude emissions, and weather conditions. Variable while the ambient concentrations are often high in certain circumstances, particularly for local sources.

Impact of Pollution by Sulfur Oxide (Sox)
Most of the gas pollution by sulfur oxides (SOX) comes from burning fossil fuels, especially coal. The presence of water vapor in the air will result in the formation reaction of sulfuric acid and acid sulfite. His reaction is as follows:

SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3

SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

If the sulfuric acid and acid sulfite is joined in the air condenses and then falls together so that rain water in the form of acid rain pollution can not be avoided anymore. This acid rain can damage crops, with the exception of forest plants. This forest destruction will result in the erosion of fertile soil layers. Although the concentration of gas dispersed Sox to a low-yield environment, but if the contact time of the plant long enough damage to plants can occur. Concentration of about 0.5 ppm was able to wet the plants, even more so when the concentration of the Sox in the air environment can be seen from the emergence of spots on the leaf surface. If a long exposure time, then it will fall leaves. This will result in decreased plant productivity.

Polluted air has caused human Sox will experience a disruption in pernapasaannya system. This is because the gas is easily Sox became the acid attacks the mucous membranes in the nose, throat and other respiratory tract to the lungs. Sox gas attack that causes irritation of the affected body part.

SO2 layer and the dangers to health
SO2 has a strong influence on the health of acute and chronic. in the form of gas, SO2 can irritate the respiratory system; at high exposure (short time) affects lung function. SO2 is a by-product H2SO4 affecting the respiratory system. Compounds, consisting of ammonium salts polinuklir or organosulfat, affect the alveoli, and as a soluble chemicals, they passed through the mucus membrane lining of the respiratory system in living organisms.

Particulate aerosols formed by gas to particle formation was found to join with the many health effects. Globally, the sulfur compounds in a large amount into the atmosphere through human activity around 100 million metric tons of sulfur each year, primarily as a SO2 from burning coal and gas combustion exhaust gases. Large amount of sulfur compounds are also produced by volcanic activity in the form of H2S, the reform process organic materials, and biological sulfate reduction. The amount generated by these biological processes may exceed 1 million metric tons per year H2S.

Some of H2S that reaches the atmosphere quickly changed to SO2 via the reaction:

H2S + 3/2 O2 SO2 + H2O

reaction starts from the release of hydrogen ions by hydroxyl radicals,

HO-H2S + HS-+ H2O

which then continued with the following reaction to produce SO2,

HS-+ O2 + HO-SO

SO2 + O2 SO + O

Almost half of the sulfur contained in coal in the form pyrit, FeS2, and the other half in the form of organic sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is produced by changes pyrit through the following reaction:

4FeS2 + 11O2 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2

Basically, all the sulfur that enters the atmosphere changed in the form of SO2 and only 1% or 2% only as SO2

Although SO2 is produced by human activities is only a small part of the SO2 is diatmosfer, but the effect is very serious because of SO2 can be directly toxic to the surrounding creatures. SO2 is diatmosfer tract irritants pernapasandan increase mucus secretion. People who have weak breathing very sensitive to high SO2 content diatmosfer. With the concentration of 500 ppm, SO2 can cause death in humans.

High enough pollution by SO2 has caused serious havoc. As happened in the valley Nerse Belgium in 1930, SO2 levels reach 38 ppm in the air and cause acute toxicity. During this period caused the death of 60 people and cattle.

Sulfur dioxide is also harmful to plants. The existence of this gas at high concentrations can kill the leaf tissue. edge of the leaf and the area between the bones of damaged leaves. Chronic SO2 causes khlorosis. Iniakan crop damage worsened with the increase of air humidity. SO2 in the air will turn into sulfuric acid. Therefore, the regions with the pollution by SO2 is high enough, the plants will be damaged by sulfuric acid aerosols.

Damage was also experienced by the building materials such as limestone, marble, dolomite will be destroyed by the SO2 from the air. The effect of this damage will appear in his appearance, structural integrity, and age of the building.

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Industrial Catalysts.

Researchers at the University of California Reverside has successfully created a new class of compounds that are karbene very reactive and can be used as a catalyst. Until now the chemists believe that this karbene compounds commonly referred to as "karbene with abnormal N-heterocyclic" or NHCs is not possible to synthesized.

Karbene made of carbon atoms are generally not normally attached to the metal atoms to form metal complexes-karbene which can be used as catalysts in many dibakai pharmaceutical industry, one more thing to note is that compounds have properties that karbene unstable.

Karbene-metal complexes can be made by using two ways: (a) complex was made using a single step without making the first karbene, and (b) metals andcompounds that have been made karbene first reacted to form metal complexes-karbene.

In general, metals used in metal-complex is karbene Rhodium, gold, platinum, or palladium loga-all these are very expensive and toxic by them for making compounds that are made without karbene involving metal compounds but still act as a catalyst merupkan wrong one way to reduce the cost of making these catalysts.

Until sekaranag, is used NHCs using NHCs complexes metal-karbene, and has never been just using it karbene compounds. Chemists assumed that NHCs can not be in the form of elimination, where it makes them believe that without the metal NHCs is not possible in the make. But now UC Riverside's Guy Bertrand, a chemistry professor has turned that assumption because he had been able to create a free NHCs is logamdancompounds can be used to create a variety of other complex compounds.

"Various kinds of chemical species believed to be unstable because they do not meet the stability of the laws we have learned in school and eventually led to the belief that no one tried to make it," said Bertrand, who has led this research.

"After a research task is to unlock the secrets of nature that we may not piker like we have done to make this NHCs and finally we were successful"

NHCs compound this we created stable at room temperature either in solid or solution, this means the application of metal-free compounds is extensive in the industry to be applied to various types of new reactions. This research has been published in "Science October 23, 2009". This publication reported that the synthesis and characteristics of metal-freecompounds NHCs will open a whole new outlook on the world catalyst said John Schwab. "Potential applications for drug discovery and manufacturing processes that caused the real catalyst will lower production costs and environmentally friendly," he said again.

Betrand very interested in the synthesis of NHCs can be made commercially. "We hope to many chemists who can use it to find karbene variety of new applications," he said. UCR Office has registered a patent for this technology and now still looking for partners from industry that will develop this technology commercially. Betrand doing thisresearch with Eugenia Aldeco-Perez, Amos J. Rosenthal, and Bruno Donnadieu of UCR; and Gernot Frenking and Pattiyil Parameswaran of Phillips-Universitat Marburg, Germany, and theresearch was funded by the National Institutes of Health.

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Laboratory on a piece of paper.

Scientists in the United States has made a disposable paper device to test the purity of drinking water with low cost.

George Whitesides, Zihong Nie and colleagues at Harvard University, Cambridge, the United States has designed a paper-based electrochemical devices that can detect small concentrations of heavy metal ions in the water.

Heavy metal ions such as mercury, lead, and cadmium are toxic, and materials that can not be recycled into humans and animals through drinking water. Simple device of a sheet of paper can detect metal ions in water at levels as low as one part per billion (ppb), which is much lower than the guide values of the World Health Organization (<10>

With the advantage of low production cost, paper-based analytical tools are expected to be used in developing countries. "Paper diagnostic tool that we created can be used by family households with limited resources to test their drinking water safety," said Nie.

This device consists of three carbon and silver ink electrodes printed on a sheet of paper or polyester film. Microfluiditas channels made from polymer pattern on paper and form hydrophobic barriers limiting fluid in the channel and on the electrode.

The team says that this device is versatile and can have many other uses. For example in medical diagnosis of diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria or the monitoring of the environment in developing regions. "This can also be applied to the inspection of food for ordinary households," he added Nie.

"This discovery is a good application of the use of paper-based microfluidics. Merger Electrochemical opens the possibilities to expand the number of tests that can be done, "commented David Holmes, an expert in microfluidics biosensors and biomedical devices at University College London, UK.

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Artificial Enzymes For Industrial Process The Environmental Friendly.

Industrial processes that often cause environmental pollution such as the use of hazardous metal catalysts can be suppressed by using the enzyme, but unfortunately not many enzymes that can be used for the chemical industry. Until finally, a group of researchers from Copenhagen University chemistry department has successfully mempoduksi artificial enzyme that can directly be used for many applications.

With the group leader Professor Michael, Ph.D., and students Jeanette Bjerre and Thomas Hauch Fenger their memplubikasikan peneitian journal ChemBioChem (15/2009) with the title "" Aldehydes are oxidase Cyclodextrin mimics ".

Artificial enzymes for which no natural (not used)
Artificial enzymes are enzymes that are not as we know that there is in nature in general, this type of enzyme has differences with the other enzymes that have a catalytic power very Cleaner, and easy to produce. Researchers from Copenhagen laboratory was the first to create artificial enzyme that can accelerate the process of oxidation in the presence of simple molecules acid peroxide H2O2.

As we have seen that the oxidation process is the basis of various chemical industrial processes, from the paint industry and pharmaceutical industry. However, traditional oxidant known negative impact on the environment if not managed properly. This enzyme is highly recommended to use and very suitable to replace the traditional oxidant. Given the artificial enzyme can be made for special needs and more importantly they can be operated at normal conditions. Unlike traditional oxidant which generally requires a high temperature, high pressure and corrosive environments.

New tool ready to wear
Because until now only found an enzyme in living things in the environment. However, both the industry and microorganisme share the same challenges, so that the industry seek shortcuts to use chemicals as a catalyst. Artificial enzyme found by researchers to alternative means of Copenhagen ready to chemists and sooner or later it will increase its use.

Natural enzymes to accelerate reactions generally about 1 million times more Concept. However, this enzyme artificially accelerate the reaction to 10,000 times. However, this is not a barrier Mikael Bols professor said.

"We have developed this material since 2000. When we were successful with the creation of the first enzyme, which only accelerated the reaction up to 25 times so we thought that was going to talk about it in here, "he said.

If artificial enzyme velocity equals the speed of natural enzymes will be more important use is to be applied in the pharmaceutical industry.

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The discovery by chance produce pigments (pigments) New Blue Long Lasting.

An accidental discovery in a laboratory at Oregon State University seems to have expressed a quest for several years has absorbed the energy and power - the ancient Egyptians, the Han Dynasty of China, and the culture of the Maya blue pigment is nearly perfect.

Through a variety of human history has been recorded, people - people around the world have been looking for inorganic compounds that can be used to paint in blue, and often with little success. Most have experienced environmental problems and endurance. The element cobalt blue, which was developed in France in the early 1800's, can be carcinogenic. Blue prusi elements can release cyanide. Another blue pigment is not stable when exposed to heat or acidic conditions.

But chemists at OSU have found new compounds based on manganese unsure who should show all of the attention. The compound is very safe to produce, more durable, and should lead to the pigment (dye) blue environmentally friendly than anything in use now or in the past. The compound was able to survive at temperatures that extremely high and does not fade after a week in acid.

Findings have been published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and the patent rights have been carried out on compound composition and process used to create it. This research is funded by the National Science Foundation.

"Basically, this is an accidental discovery," said Mas Subramanian, the Milton Harris Professor of Materials Science at the Department of Chemistry at OSU. "We're exploring the manganese oxide for some interesting electronic properties that belongs, both as something that can be ferroelectric and ferromagnetic at the same time. Our work has nothing to do with seeking a pigment (dye).

"Kemuadian one day a graduate student who worked on this project was to take several samples from the furnace are very hot when I was passing by, and is blue, blue very charming," he explained. "I realized immediately that something extraordinary was happening."

The researchers say that what has happened is at a temperature of 1.200 degrees centigrade - almost 2.000 degrees Fahrenheit - manganese oxides that are not dangerous it turned into a blue compound that life can be used to make a pigment (dye) that are able to resist heat and acid, environmentally friendly and cheaper to produce than mineral that has been readily available.

Pigment (dye) latest blue - and possibly the best - in the history of the world has been born, until the element manganese ions has been in the form of a lack laziman "trigonal bipyramidal coordination" in a state of extremely hot.

"Since the people - first the Egyptians had developed a pigment (dye) blue the first time, industrial pigments (pigments) have attempted to determine several issues regarding the safety, toxicity and resistance levels," said Subramanian.

This pigment may eventually be useful in everything from inkjet printers to the field of automobiles, art or paint the house, explained the researchers.

The scientists say in the journal article that these new compounds to produce "a strange blue color bright and strong," and the color of the structure and its characteristics in detail. In this work the collaboration of researchers at the Department of Materials at the University of California / Santa Barbara.

"Many of the most interesting discovery is not correct - correctly planned, we have seen throughout history," said Subramanian. "There is a fortune out of it, but I also teach at the students I have that you must be vigilant in recognizing something when it happened, although it is not what you're looking for."

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Creation of Molecular Transistors First in the World.

A group of scientists have successfully created the first transistors made from single molecules. This team, composed of researchers from Yale University and the Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju in South Korea, published their findings on December 24 in the journal Nature.

The team, including Mark Reed of the Harold Hodgkinson Professor of Engineering & Applied Science at Yale University, showed that the benzene molecule attached to gold contacts can act as like silicon transistors.

The researchers are able to manipulate the energy properties of molecules that differ depending on the voltage they apply through the contact. By manipulating the nature of these energies, they are able to control the flow of unutk through the molecule.

"It's like rolling a ball on the hill, where the ball represents the flow of electricity and high hills represent a different energy properties of molecules," said Reed. "We can add a high hill, by allowing the flow to pass through when in a low state, and stop the flow when the high state." In this case, the team is able to use the molecule in several occasions the same as regular transistors used.

This work was made based on research that has been done previously Reed in the 1990s, which demonstrated that individual molecules can be trapped between the electrical contacts. Since it was, he and Takhee Lee, a former postdoctoral friend and now a professor at the Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju, develop some additional techniques for several years that allow them to "see" what happens at the molecular level.

The main key to the components of this invention is able to make electrical contact in a small scale, identifying the ideal molecule for use, and find places where they are placed and how they connect. "There are many benefits of technology and understanding that we wake up in a few years to realize it can happen," said Reed.

There are many advantages to using a molecular computer circuits because the traditional transistor is not possible at such a small scale. But Reed emphasized that this is a scientific breakthrough that is appropriate that the application sekalidan practice, such "molecular computers" are very small and fast - if possible - in the decades to come.

"We do not plan to make next-generation integrated circuits," he said. "But after several years working for the matches on this, we have completed a decades long search and showed that some molecules can act as a transistor."

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