New Gas Storage Materials, Huge Potential.

a discovery that may help accelerate production of fuel cell-powered vehicles are ultra-clean hydrogen, scientists in Michigan reported development of a sponge resembling nano materials with surface areas recorded very high to hold back some gas. Sepertigapuluh only one ounce of these materials have a surface area of about - something like a football field.

Adam Matzger and colleagues explain in their new study that scientists have been trying for many - years to find an optimal material for hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles in the future. Besides identifying some promising material, researchers have been able to find hydrogen storage goals proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy (the DOE) regarding the storage of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, they pointed out.

They explain the development of the nano porous materials - with high pore that has never proven ability to absorb some of the gas which may help to achieve the DOE target of. This is called the University of Michigan Crystalline Material-2 (UMCM-2), which include substances nanokluster zinc oxide, the width of each - tiapnya approximately 1 / 50, 000th of a human hair, are connected together - together by organic materials to produce porous framework is perfect.

The scientists showed that UMCM-2 has a surface area of more than 5.000 m2 per gram, where the highest value was obtained.

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Unity accelerate neuron toxicity testing.

Scientists in Germany have developed an alternative to animal testing of rapid screening and identification of chemical substances that contain a health risk to the nervous system. Several laboratories worldwide neurotoksinitas facing daunting challenges in screening chemicals for catalog growth for whatever identify risks to human health, with the introduction of legislation mnegacu - invitation of the EU's Reach. Toxicity testing has been done traditionally by using animals but with the cost overruns in relation to the funds and the number of animals, salinity penggujian reliable in vitro is needed. Lack of comparable readings between in vivo and in vitro systems can mnyajikan suaatu problems, said Jonathan West at the University of Dortmund, Germany, but West said he had to settle these problems by using neural network.

This new testing platform, called the network formation assay (NFA), to monitor the connection (or developments) specifically between neurons - the neurons are placed and their neighbors. Formation of some of these connections is one of the basic principles in memory and learning, and gangguannnya is often the clinical signs neurotoksinitas, said West. 'Because the NFA test the connections of neurons then presents a model in vitro are comparable with the situation in vivo', he added.

West put the neurons - in the composition of human neurons segilima using patterns of cells - the cells and subsequent formation easier to monitor its network. Composition becomes acrylamida exposure, a neurotoxin that blocks the reference compounds and network formation to distinguish between the effects of neurotoxins with cytiotoksin. Without the need to place neurons - neurons or measure the length of connections, this means that a typical arrangement should only take three hours compared with more than 200 hours in testing manually.

'Application of simple and sophisticated micro system - this engineering can significantly improve the standard biological protocol', says Marco Cecchini, an expert on high-level resolution pemolaan biomaterials, the National Enterprise for nanoscience and nanotechnology, Pisa, Italy.

'NFA will also be applied in the context of reproductive testing of toxin levels are expected mngkonsumsi approximately 60% of all animals required for Reach and further areas most needed for the new assay in vitro' add Marcel Leist, University of Konstanz, Germany , who worked on this project together with the West.

Today, the team is working with teams throughout Europe to adopt the NFA in use with a network of neuron cells but 'real acid test will digunakankah NFA or not adopted by the laboratory neurotoksikologi and accepted by the authorities,' said West.

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New Catalyst For Hydrogen Production From Water Sea.

A new type of catalyst that can produce hydrogen from sea water has been developed by researchers in America. Metal-oxo complex catalyst shows catalytic activity and stability are very high, and production cost is relatively cheap, the researchers said.

Hydrogen attracted the attention of researchers due to be made as environmentally friendly fuels. Basically, the hydrogen produced by the reaction between water vapor with methane gas is by using a nickel catalyst, the lack of this method is to produce a gaseous byproduct CO2 yag can cause the greenhouse effect.

Jeffrey Long and colleagues from the University of California, Berkeley, USA, made of molybdenum-oxo complexes that act as elektrokatalis, so that it can reduce the energy needed to make hydrogen from water using mercury electrodes. As there are a lot of metal in the nature of molybdenum as compared with the mercury which for the manufacture of large-scale production required a fairly high cost.

Long explained that the stability of the catalyst due to metal ligand bonding molybdenum at five positions (pentadentat) so that such ties make complexity become strong. Complex molecule is very strong and stable in water environment for long periods of time so we do not see any degradation of catalyst activity after three days of its use, said Long.

In khsus, the catalyst that made Long also stable against impuritas contained in sea water, meaning that sea water can be directly used as production materials without prior treatment. The research team uses seawater from California and produce the same results as those using pure water at neutral pH. In addition, any addition of electrolyte is not necessary if the kit uses sea water, it may reduce production costs and eliminate the use of organic acid as solvent which has a side effect of catalyst performance is medegradasi.

Long and his team hope to be able to develop this system so that future katali is possible can be used with solar panels to generate hydrogen gas. The research team is now modifying the catalyst to reduce the potential where electrochemical reaction occurs and makes the system much better.

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Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist Pioneer.

Name : Jokichi Takamine.

Born : 11/03/1854

Died : 22/07/1922

The main disciplines: Chemical Science.

Jokichi Takamine was born on 3 November 1854 in Takaoka, Japan. His father, Seichi, was a physician like most fathers in the family Takamine. Unlike his peers, Takamine learn English at a very young age. He attended school in Osaka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, graduated from the college of science and technique at the University of Tokyo in 1879. In that year, the Japanese government chose Takamine as one of 12 people receiving a scholarship to pursue advanced studies at the University of Glasgow in Scotland and the Anderson Campus. He returned to Japan in 1883 and joined the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce.

In 1884, Takamine made his first trip to the United States to follow the Cotton Exposition to 100, where he met his future wife, Caroline Field Hitch. They were married in 1884 you have two children. This family then moved to Japan, and Takamine continue working in the Department of Agriculture and Commerce as Chief of Chemical Division until the year 1887. At that time, he formed his own company, the Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company, where he subsequently isolating the starch digestive enzymes, Takadiastase, from a fungus.

In 1884, moved to the United States Takamine permanently, settling in New York City. He opened his own research lab and allow Parke, Davis & Company produces commercial Takadiastase. In 1901, he was to isolate and purify the hormone adrenaline in his laboratory, and became the first person to complete hormone glands.

For the rest of his life, Takamine traveling between the United States and Japan and make a real contribution to science in both countries. He also worked to enhance better understanding between the two countries, and Japan participated in a donation to charity to Washington DC. Takamine Jokichi died on July 22 in the year 1922 in New York City.

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Microwells to detect odors.

news
United States scientists have developed a microfluidic-based platform that filters out hundreds of cells at a time and can be used to identify the behavior of cells that are rare in helping to stem cell research and cancer biology, they claim.

Ten of the hundreds of odorant molecules can be distinguished by the nose. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the nasal odorant chemical signals translate into a unique neuronal signals which guide the behavior of many important. Odours activate odorant receptors (ORS) in which there are over 1000 types in mice. Each OSN showed only or in the type of OR, but due to large amounts is not possible to analyze the response during all types of odour-OR OSN using current techniques.

Albert Folch now at the University of Washington, Seattle and his team have developed a method to filter out nearly 20 000 single cells at a time on the unity of microwell. By using calcium imaging they were able to detect and analyze a number of odorant responses of rat OSNs simultaneously, clearly Folch, by enabling the cells with a rare pattern of responses found.

Folch compare several responses OSN with four odors of different fruits (vanilla, roses, berries and bananas) in one experiment. By using calcium imaging, the response of neurons identified by measuring changes in fluorescence signal. Folch explains that by using microwell to be placed on hundreds of OSNs in the camera visibility means that all the ORS should be represented in the sample. 'I believe that these microarrays are very powerful at finding the rare cells showing a particular pattern of response of which is not likely to be found with any reason' he said.

Tim Holy, who examined the olfactory system in rats at Washington University in St. Louis, United States, saying that 'This is an elegant new approach to record many neurons simultaneously maintained under stimulus conditions very well. "

Folch said that his team would eventually develop a system whereby cells are exposed to some odour in the gas phase, 'I expect, but can not prove, that the various problems with OSN survival and artifacts pembauan / adaptation comes from the fact bahwasannya odorant ( most of them dissolved in the water) just as if 'he added.

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Package Boiler BF-4101

Air sucked by the turbine into a fan assisted pembakar space at the same time with NG fuel by pipeline, and water from the incoming water so that there demin combustion, steam is generated here and then flowed through the superheater and desuperheater to the header. Steam low pressure in the blowdown to a flash tank and steam discharged (vent), while the flue gas (flue gas) in the economizer is used.

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Water Treatment Plant.

Water Treatment Plant serves to treat the raw water into clean water with the help of chemicals such as alum injection, Chlorine, Caustic and coag-aid.

Water treatment process consists of several stages.
- Clarifier System.
System clarifier serves to Coagulasi-Dan Flocculation Process, which took place here to reduce the amount of total suspended solid and turbidity in raw water.
- Chemical Injection System.
Chemical injection is needed in the alum clarifier, coagulant aid, caustic and chlorine that allows the process floculasi, coagulasi, sedimentation, and the sterilization occurred.
- System Sand Filter.
sand filter works to filter out colloidal particles passing from the clarifier, sand filter which is equipped with a backwash and rinse system.
- Filtered Water Storage.
Production of clean water from sand filters are stored in the filtered water storage and distributed to each use by separate pumps.

download : Unit_Water-Treatment_Plants.pptx

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Ketene derived from cold temperatures..

Meldrum acid break down when heated by the loss of acetone and carbon dioxide to form ketene, which has two lines of reactivity: on cyclobutanedione dimerization, or in the presence of an additional nucleophile to produce the corresponding esters or amides.

Researchers in the United States and Korea have shown how an unusual functional groups, which have been widely ignored in chemical materials, can be incorporated into the polymer to provide both grip rekatif to attach molecules - another molecule and a route to cross and connect the chain adjacent polymer.

The scientists showed that the various monomers, such as styrene, can be repaired with Meldrum acid, and after that dipolymerisasikan. This includes the spine into the Meldrum acid polymer when heated and some have diiproduksi ketene. In this way polymer terfungsionalisasikan with ketene group. this is very easy to adjust the amount of acid that contains some polymer Meldrum them. For example, we have made of polymers that contain 98 percent of polystyrene with only 2 percent Meldrum acid-containing reactive monomer, or 100 percent of monomer acids Meldrum.

Merger polymer chains can be cross-linked via ketene group, while leaving some remaining ketene which is available for further chemical material.

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Rodanano biggest mystery is solved.

Researchers in the UK and Germany has uncovered the mechanism behind how one of the most powerful chemical structures develop by itself, the biggest wheels of a molecule made of molybdenum oxide, spontaneously produce by itself. These findings have important implications kelihatnnya in memanupulasi assembly reaction by itself and equip a new way to create a useful molecular architecture. Approximately 15 years ago, Achim Müller and his colleagues at the University of Bielefeld in Germany showed that a simple mixture of sodium molybdate, water and a reduction in low pH agents spontaneously form molecular wheel donut-shaped molybdenum oxide.

Almost 4nm diseberangnya there is more than a distance larger than the structures seen before, and showed the unique class of molecules with many potential applications for materials and nano sciences. However, the mechanism of self-assembly remains unknown.
Today, Lee Cronin of the University of Glasgow in the UK and his colleagues have revealed this mystery by solving the reaction in the flow space. Here the introduction into the space below the reactant flow. Addition of a constant of the reactant at the entry point to develop a stable condition, allows the production of the initial reaction to accumulate close to the point of entry. In part this room opara researchers looked at crystals precipitated from solution. X-ray crystallography showed that the crystal - a flat disc-shaped crystal that includes 186 molybdenum atoms, after the show includes 36-Mo in the central core that contains the 150-Mo-hole wheels.

When the wheels are arranged, the addition of eight electrons increase the repulsion between the ring and the template, resulting in a collection of 36-Mo released wheels archtypal molybdenum has a large negative charge - this is reduced to 28 electrons, where we determine that the wheel - the wheel of molecular stood at 20 electrons flow system is reduced. This shows that the collection of 36-Mo serves as a template around molybdenum combined into a ring and two atomic units is held in common - the same by the ions - sodium ions and hydrogen bonds. Under reduced conditions, electrostatic repulsion eventually reach the point where the center wheels are removed: serves as the smallest set of templates that would create a temporary guest host and then leave.

Prove the usefulness of this approach in other systems open the assembly itself. What we have in the show is to track these complex reactions that produce molecular arsitektuur unusual, we can trap the continued and learn how to start manupulated known systems and designing new anymore.

John Errington, a specialist in nanostructured metal oxides at Newcastle University in England, said that the implications of this new job has been great. 'The ability to direct nanoskala structure obtained from a dynamic mix of constitutional molecular building blocks of metal oxides has been the biggest challenge since Müller and coworkers first time reveal the origin of the form "big ring" great reduce molybdate solution, "said Errington. 'Use of the brightest of the flow of chemical science seems to provide the basis for a general synthetic strategy that will further broaden the areas of interest in the science of chemistry. "

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Extracted metal zwitterionic salt.

British scientists have developed a zwitterionic ligand salicyclaldoxime that can allow an industrial ion - metal ions from other substances important for selectively updated. Some molecules that bind both ions - metal salt ions independently, where it should be improved efficiency of the extraction process. Approximately 25 percent of copper in the world is updated by using phenolic oxime extractant conventional, which only binds copper cations, not the spouse of the anion.

When several extractant to transfer copper from an aqueous solution into the organic phase, there is a build up of acid in the aqueous phase, which then must be neutralized, completed the extraction process. This technology could eventually find applications in the improvement of commercial varieties of base metal.

Tasker dialkylaminomethyl and his colleagues made a substitute salicyclaldoximes capable of binding a metal cation and the accompanying anions in a separate location from the zwitterionic form of the extractant with a neutral charge assemblies. Tasker explained that 'the new reagent extracts the metal salt, which is contrary to conventional oxime reagent that transports metal cations' and as a result there is no net exchange of cations or anions, which makes them well adapted to overcome the waste stream. As a consequence of the structure formed by the bus trans-salicyclaldoximato complex of Cu (II) complex is tritopic which means that the divalent metal can be moved with their two mono-anions simultaneously, leading to further increases in efficiency.

Trans structure formed by bis-salicyclaldoximato complex of Cu (II) has three bonding sites, the core principle of the science of supramolecular chemistry has been used to solve a very important industrial problems, one of the biggest challenges associated with commercial exploitation of the new reagent is getting high selection of both cation and anion delivery. This work has shown that cooperative binding of the cation and anion will resolve this matter.

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Magnetic iron Nanokatalis.

Nano particles of iron oxide catalyst that can make recycling more efficient for organic reactions. The catalyst is environmentally friendly, economical and efficient for carbon-carbon bond forming reaction is desired in the chemical industry. Catalysts which can be updated by magnetic particularly attractive due to the easy separation of the reaction mixture. iron oxide nanoparticles are magnetic efficient catalysts that can be reused a dozen times without reducing effectiveness.

Iron oxide nanoparticles that support or immobil been previously used as a catalyst but use them directly without modification him as a catalyst that can be recycled in a magnetic for organic reactions are very rare. to-efektifitasan of nanoparticles on synthetic chemical intermediate medical science, propargylamines. Thanks to the magnetic character of the nanoparticles, they were attached to the rod and the magnetic is very easy to be separated so that they can be washed before reuse.

Iron oxide nanoparticles attached to the stirrer rod when the reaction stopped. Separation and reuse of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is easy, effective and economical. In addition, the use of iron oxide as a catalyst is also environmentally friendly and safer than other transition metal catalysts.

ease of separation some catalyst prosedurpemisahan help to avoid the difficult and complex which includes filtration and separation materials with round engines, equipment and solvent, thus the aspect pengkontribusian 'environmentally friendly' of the process.

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synthetic disilikat.

A compound consisting of silicon-silicon bond is stable between the two atoms a negative charge - five-coordinate silicon atoms - silicates - have been synthesized and isolated for the first time by Japanese researchers. Species - species disilikat new memberipak unimaginable insights into the silicon chemistry and materials useful for making new optical and conductive.

Usually combined with four silicon atoms - the other atoms to form four-coordinate structure, which can form a bond with the silicon atom coordinates four others. Like structures form the basis of crystalline silicon used for semi-conductors and organosilicon compounds. Previously, the largest number of coordination atoms - atoms of silicon to allow for bonding of silicon-silicon is widely considered to be stable there were four.

Now, Naokazu Kano and his colleagues at Tokyo University and Institute for Molecular Science in Japan have created a Si-Si bond directly between the atoms - five-coordinate silicon atoms from silicates. Surprising result because a bond would be expected to split because Steric and electrostatic repulsi strong between atoms - atoms of silicon. This team successfully synthesized and dianionic compounds mengkarakteristikan which includes atoms - five-coordinate silicon atoms, with Si-Si bond. This is the first example of a silicon-silicon bond.

electrostatic repulsi why do not cause damage to molecules - molecules is that the charge - a negative charge is formally only on silicon. Charge - the charge that [is] distributed among the atoms - atoms that many of the surrounding atoms - atoms of silicon, leaving the [silicon] is positively charged, without Coulomb repulsi.

However, Kost still confused on disilikat dianionic stability. None hydrolysis or heating that cause decomposition compounds, although compounds of silicon mono-nuclear hypervalent tend to dekompos quickly when exposed to air and moisture.

If we can accumulate these bonds in the series to make the silicon wire is made of silicates moieties, [molecular orbital remains high on the molecular orbital not stay low] the energy gap will be more down to help in creating a conductive material such as injecting new polyacetylene.

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enzyme catalysts.

The way the molecule binds the enzyme catalysts to accelerate their reaction was not as simple as what you think, says chemist from England and Spain. Some enzymes do not need to tie in a way that will best stabilize the reaction transition state, but particularly in a way that minimizes the overall energy barrier for the reaction. Applying this idea to design a new molecular catalysts can help to improve their performance.

People - people often think the reaction with the enzyme catalytic transition state stabilization, said Jonathan Goodman of the University of Cambridge. Transition state can be thought of as the top "hill" that must be energetic climb to the reaction that followed - if the energy is lowered, then the reaction will move faster.

However, what Goodman - together - together with Luis Simón of the University of Salamanca - find when they dig up the protein databank (PDB) to find the way to acquire these enzymes, is that the hydrogen bonding groups at the enzyme active site is not structured to provide stabilization maximum in the transition state.

The addition reaction-type enzyme oxyanion hole in mengakatalisasi carbonyl group (C = O). Goodman explained that they expect to see the location of the active enzyme composed with hydrogen bonding donor at the carbonyl samaseperti extent, because it is known to provide good stabilization of the transition state.

Bond planar (left) of carbonyl compounds to stabilize the transition state is good, but plays its bonds (right) is very good unuk reduce the energy barrier. However, what they find by looking at the structure of the enzyme is that the hydrogen bond donors tend to play out of the field of carbonyl.

This pair found that the bond on the configuration of the molecule also lowered initial reactant - the foundation reaction - and with more than a lowered transition state. This means that the overall energy barrier - the size of the hill of the molecules that must pass - real big sanagt

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ageless medicine

Kupang to drug use of youth.
With the help of Kupang sea, scientists in South Korea has developed a gel that can be injected which can be useful for mnemenuhi wrinkles. Hyaluronic acid hydrogels (HA) is often used as biocompatible materials for drug delivery and tissue engineering, but they have a weak mechanical strength and to degradation in vivo is faster because they absorb water and to enzymatic degradation.

By adding an acid amino acid found in Kupang, more stable and adhesive hydrogels made by Tae Gwan Park and his colleagues from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon.

A common amino acid in Kupang to make the gel attached to the network.
Park uses amino acids, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, which are common in Kupang adhesive layer which makes it easier to stick firmly to a variety of organic and inorganic surfaces. Amino acid makes the gel stick to the network, certainly Park, which makes it useful for tissue engineering, drug delivery and even to fill wrinkles. Hydrogels fluid injected into the body where as soon as possible turned to the gel during temperature changes. 'Formation of gel in the body can act as a suspension for supporting the release of the drug, or the network formation can act as the glue network, "said Park.

Zhiyuan Zhong from Soochow University, Suzhou, China, who examined hydrogels that can be injected and biodegradable polymer, was impressed with the findings Park. 'These hydrogels have elegantly combined the injection level, the stability in vivo, the ability biodegradability, good mechanical properties, the sensitivity of network properties panasdan a good adhesive.' He added that 'something that can be injected, but a very complex hydrogels are the basis for materials were well received and easy to prepare. "

Park said his team now berencan to use adhesive hydrogels that can be injected to clinical applications with drug therapy in the form of capsules or pressed cells - the cells within them and also worked on testing in vivo.

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Fotokatalis.

Fotokatalis able to see the light.
A nano particle fotokatalis who worked under natural light and can be used to remove pollutants from water has been developed by scientists of China and Japan. Fotokatalis use light to speed up a reaction but most require ultra-violet rays to work. Now, Renhong Li at the University Zhejiang Sci-Tech, China and his colleagues using bismuth to create a catalyst that works under visible light.

Li catalysts using platinum nano particles entered the semiconductor bismuth oxide (Bi2O3). Bi2O3 facilitate delivery of electrons - electrons to take place on the excitation by visible light. This resulted in describing surface molecules - molecules, such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde.

A fotokatalis natural light can help clean the water.
Average - the average response obtained with the new catalyst is comparable to the one you use UV light, said Li. 'Since most of the existing fotokatalis can only be in - fotoeksitasi - not with UV light, we Pt/Bi2O3 catalyst useful for the purpose of energy savings,' he added.

Leonardo Palmisano, a researcher at the University fotokatalis Palermo, Italy said that 'it showed some results menyakinkanpada photo-oxidation of organic pollutants under visible light illumination, showed a significant effect plasmonik for fotokatalis Pt/Bi2O3.' He added that he saw the application promising for new catalysts.

Li said that this research could provide benefits in the use of platinum and precious metal fotokatalis, such as the use of separation fotokatalis water under visible light which is an area that the team expected to be further investigated.

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Oversee the release.

Oversee the release of the drug when it happened.
A drug delivery system that can track the drugs - drugs by chance has been developed by scientists in Israel. Drug delivery systems in medifikasi send a special section in the body and control the level of their release. They deal with common problems associated with drug treatments - traditional medicines such as low solubility or side effects that are not desirable.

By simply understanding how the drug is released from the delivery tool is crucial in getting good results. 'However, until now, this process can be studied only indirectly in organisms living creature,' said Doron Shabat from the University of Tel-Aviv, Israel. 'Because the behavior of drug delivery systems are widespread, depending on the environment around them, it is important to study them in their functional environment that actually,' he added.

Fluorescence is turned away for a moment the drug delivery devices.
his colleagues designed the reporting of drug delivery system that allows visualization in real time from the release of the drug in a non-invasive treatment and demonstrate the use of in vitro. As a result, the drug release process can be dicitrakan, for the first time, with real time, in living organisms beings.

system produces a fluorescent signal that describes the status of the drug molecules. While connected to the drug molecule delivery devices, fluorescent signal dies. At the time of its release and live fluorescent signal can be detected quickly and dicitrakan.

Rui Moreira, an expert in drug delivery systems (prodrugs) at the University of Lisbon, Portugal welcomes this work. the supervision of Product active a real time insight allows much closer to the kinetic in these cells the overall system. By collecting data aktifisasi activities and a series of studies on single prodrug design will accelerate a more effective. the next task will serve as a liaison which fluoresce at wavelengths longer to monitor the drug release in vivo.

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Waste Eater catalyst.

Chemical experts were also concerned about environmental issues. There is such thing as "green chemistry" of the science of environmentally friendly chemicals. Pollution from industrial waste is now quite concerned. almost all the rivers that flow is no longer clear alias contaminated water. Biodegradable detergents even when used in excess will still damage the environment because the existing ecosystem off hand.

Health experts believe that the water purification process is also still contain pollutants that infinitesimal changes in the parts per million (ppm) to parts per trillon (ppt). Although very little, content of pollutants there could still damage the body's metabolic processes that lead to the intellectual level, immunity, reproduction, until the level of molecular genetics.

Green Chemistry?
We should be grateful that some chemical world development environment called 'green chemistry' has developed quite rapidly. In the last few decades misalny, Green Chemistry Institute of the American Chemical Society continued to support projects that care for the environment. One fairly successful project is Carnegie Mellon University's for Green Oxidation Chemistry. They successfully developed a catalyst that works like enzyme, a catalyst is called tetra-amido-Activators macrocyclic ligand (TAML).

TAML who worked with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can mimic the human body's enzymes work to break down dangerous toxins such as pesticides, textile dyes, and detergents. TAML also able to reduce levels of odor pollution, purify water, to be disinfectants to kill the anthrax bacteria level.

When TAML soluble in water, hydrogen peroxide activated by replacing TAML ligand with H2O2 to H2O groups TAML. Then, H2O2 is not stable H2O decomposes back into oxygen atoms leaving. This oxygen repel each other with iron atoms (Fe) contained in the center TAML group. Interaction is what makes TAML active and able to work as enzymes or free radical scavenger in this pollutant. (For the details can be found at www.cmu.edu / greenchemistry)

TAML believed to revolutionize the use of chlorine as an anti-pollutant that have been widely used industrial society and the world. At the laboratory level, TAML considered promising enough, but at the level of another industry problem. TAML still have to be tested again to observe its effect on the environment when used in amounts not less. Do not let it be TAML new pollutants are no longer resolved. Activation levels high enough TAML also feared could damage the existing ecosystem level because the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus atropheus) capable TAML killed in 15 minutes. In addition, the cost is one of the things to consider, whether the cost to the process of synthesis TAML industrial revolution can draw a strong reaction from industry. Changing a chemical in industrial applications is not easy and inexpensive.

Green Chemistry applications even this still leaves a problem of its own. The people who are not thinking home easily dispose of waste with dreams that can handle TAML. Some seek to be clear that TAML contaminated water and after that the world community must be committed to more love nature. However, can it happen?

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The separation.

The separation of the mixture with light.
Scientists in England have been using light to separate the mixed-complex chemical mixtures. This method can be used to merecovery products and high value-nanoparticle nanoparticles of mixed-catalytic reaction mixture, they claim. Julian Eastoe, at the University of Bristol, and colleagues added surfactant-sensitive surface to the mikroemulsi. When they illuminate the mixture with UV light, causing surfactant oil phase and water phase in the emulsion separated.

Previously, researchers rely on heat, pH changes, or adding salt to separate the phases in mikroemulsi. This new method does not alter the chemical composition mikroemulsi or use as much energy with the separation that uses heat.

"We were quite impressed with the opportunities offered by the activated particles of light, colloids, and the interphase-interphase. This will be more enriching field of chemical engineering" Eastoe said. More importantly, added Eastoe, these divisions are reversible. After a separated dispersed sample, the sample can again didispersi and then separated again.

When the UV rays to disinarkan emulsion, surfactant causing oil and water phases separated.

"What is interesting about this research is that through the addition of a surfactant fotoresponsif, they have been transformed into a mikroemulsi conventional fotoresponsif system," said Ted Lee, an expert in the field of responsive surfactant system at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.

This new method can be used in the release and distribution system-light activated for farmaseutik and agrochemical, Eastoe said. But he said the next challenge is how to make a surfactant-surfactant fotoresponsif a cheap, safe and environmentally friendly.

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