February 2010 | all about you want

Wednesday, February 3, 2010

Distillation.

Distillation is the process of separating components of a mixture of a liquid-liquid solution in which the characteristics of the mixture is able to mix and easy to evaporate, besides the components have a vapor pressure difference and the results from the separation into its components or the group components. Because of differences in vapor pressure, it can also be said distillation process is the process of separation of components based on differences in boiling point.

In the distillation operation, the separation is based on the phenomenon that when the liquid mixture is in equilibrium with the vapor, vapor and liquid composition is different. Vapor will contain more components more volatile, while the liquid will contain less volatile components. When the steam is separated from the liquid, the vapor is dikondensasikan, then will get a different fluid from the first fluid, the more volatile components than the liquid that is not teruapkan. If then the liquid from the condensation of steam is evaporated again in part, be gained steam with the level of components more volatile higher. To demonstrate more clearly description, described in the following schematic:

1. Initial state.
At first, there is a mixture of liquids A and B, where the characteristics of these components is a component of a more volatile (volatile) than component B. The composition of both components are expressed by the fraction of liquid phase mol.Untuk component A is given by XA , while component B is given by xB.

2. The mixture is evaporated in part, vapor and liquid is left in a state of equilibrium.

3. Steam is separated from the liquid and condensed; the importance of the two liquids, a liquid I and liquid II. Liquid I contain less components A (more volatile) than the liquid II In the above conditions, the mixture of the two components of the liquid (binary mixture) to obtain two relatively murni.Hal fluid can be accomplished, if different boiling points of the second component relative tersebu besar.Apabila boiling point difference of the two components are not too far, it is necessary to do the distillation process.

Because of the heat entering (heating) in pendidih again, then the liquid is converted partly into a vapor, in this case the steam would be rich in volatile components (easily evaporated).

If the difference in boiling points of these components is relatively high, the vapor is a component of almost murni.Akan but if the difference of the boiling point component, it is not too large, then the steam is a mixture of campura some komponen.Kemudian the dikondensasikan steam and condensation of liquid , partially restored into a column, called the reflux.

Fluid that is returned is (reflux) attempted to contact the opposite direction to the steam, so the expected results of the (over head) will increase its purity. To obtain these conditions (purity increases), which required a lot of steam to be used as a reflux and the results above. This condition must be balanced with the heat entering the reboiler should be large (enhanced). This needs to be considered, especially in the context of energy savings.

In distillation, vapor phase formed after the solution is heated, is left in contact with the liquid phase so that the mass transfer occurs from the vapor phase or liquid phase from liquid phase to vapor phase until there is a balance between the two phases. After equilibrium is reached, the two phases then separated. Dikondensasikan vapor phase after the condenser is called the distillate, while the remaining liquid is called residu.Distilat contain more volatile components (volatile) and contains more residues that are less volatile components.

Distillation tower and the maintenance.

Because of a different character then the mixture is distilled in a different way too. Therefore include some types of distillation are: Azeotropic distillation, dry distillation, extractive distillation, distillation of frozen (freeze distillation), distillation fractionation, distillation ua (steam distillation) and vacuum distillation.

Based on the process, the distillation can also be divided into batch distillation (Distillation batch) and continuous distillation (continuous distillation). It is called a batch distillation, if done once the process, the materials included in the equipment, processed and then taken the results (distillate and residual). Called continuous distillation if the process is going terusmenerus.Ada flow and the flow of material into the material keluar.Rangkaian distillation equipment widely used in industry is the type of tray and packed-tower tower.

Distillation equipment maintenance.
Distillation column must be treated to clean and can optimally use, carried out as follows:

1. The influence of heat on the unit column distillation column condenser and is limited to re pendidih (reboiler), because, in general, the column is isolated, so the loss of heat along the column is relatively small
2. For feedback in the form of liquid at bubble point (q = 1) is saturated liquid, heat is given to re pendidih the same as those issued in a condenser. For the tangible feedback in addition to saturated liquid vapor needs, heating is calculated by the balance of heat (enthalpy balance).

Adsorption or separation process penjerapan material is a mixture of gases or liquids, materials that will be separated drawn by a solid surface that absorbs (adsorbent). Usually small particles of absorbent material is placed into a carpet of fixed and fluid then flows through the fixed bed of solid water until it is close to saturation and the desired separation can not last longer. Most substances are pengadsorpsi adsorbent. The materials are porous, and the adsorption took place mainly at the pore walls.

The separation occurs because of differences in seed molecules or due to differences in polarity causes some molecules were attached to the surface more closely than the other molecules. For example, industrial waste washing diadsorpsi batik cloth with color substances using coconut shell charcoal activated. Electroplating wastes containing nickel, nickel diadsorpsi heavy metals with the activated zeolite.
Operation of adsorption column

Adsorption column equipped with:

- Bak bait container also functions as a tub overflow reservoir, flow regulator tub, bath effluent reservoir, water pump, flowmeter.
- Before the first operated device filled with aquades column to just above the layer of adsorbent. This is intended to avoid air trapped in the column that can interfere with the flow rate.
- Equipment operated by passing the raw water sample is gravity (downflow) continuous feedback from the tub using the reservoir to the tub pump speed control runoff. Bak regulator runoff rate is used to obtain pressure and a constant runoff rate.
- After the sink rate of runoff flow regulator missed the feedback to get the flowmeter reading secar visual.Flowmeter runoff rate is equipped with 3 pieces regulator tap. In accordance with Figure tap a used to manage the size of the rate of runoff, tap b serves as the entrance to the feed flow adsorption column. B faucets will be closed at the time of the flowmeter calibration condition c faucets open. After the runoff flow rate is stable, closed ddan faucet faucet c b opened. Then the bait will flow into the adsorption column.
- Once operational tool with time and a specific runoff rate is the raw water sampling at each outlet, which then conducted an analysis
- Repeated for different operating conditions with variations in the rate of runoff, influen concentration variations, and variations in the size of the media.

Making Biodiesel and Biodiesel Industries.

Biological catalysis technique (Biocatalysis) to produce biodiesel, Oleic acid alkyl ester (in this case oleic butyl), of triolein with several kinds of biological catalysts, ie B Candida Antarctica, Rizhomucor Miehei, and Pseudomonas Cepacia. Because of high prices compared to the biological catalysts of chemical catalysts, the use of biological catalysts are made by immobilisasi the catalyst.

This technique allows for both continuous process in biodiesel production. Optimum reaction temperature is 40oC. It can also be used solid catalyst (solid catalyst) of sugar by doing the pyrolysis of the sugar compounds (D-glucose and sucrose) at temperatures above 300oC. This process causes imperfect carbonization of the sugar compounds and the formation of sheets of aromatic carbon polisiklis (polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets). Sulfuric acid (sulfuric acid) was then used to mensulfonasi the aromatic ring to produce the catalyst.

The resulting solid catalyst in this manner mentioned have the ability to convert plant oils into biodiesel is higher than that of liquid sulfuric acid catalyst or other solid acid catalysts that have been there before.

Biodiesel is a simple chemical compound that contains six or seven kinds of fatty acid esters. Biodiesel is defined as the methyl esters with carbon chain lengths between 12 and 20 of the fatty acids derived from vegetable oils for example lipid or animal fat. Vegetable oils or animal fats can be made biodiesel by transesterification reaction using alkohol.Komposisi and chemical properties of biodiesel depend on the purity, the short length, degree of saturation, and the structure of the alkyl chain fatty acid constituent.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel from renewable sources (renewable), with the composition of fatty acid esters from vegetable oils include: palm oil, coconut oil, castor oil fence, cotton seed oil, and still there is more than 30 kinds of plants that are potential to Indonesia made biodiesel.

The process of making Biodiesel

Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification. This process produces two products of methyl esters (biodiesel) / mono-alkyl esters and glycerine which is a side product. The main raw material for biodiesel production include vegetable oils, animal fats, fat old / fat recycling. Meanwhile, as the supporting material that is alcohol. In making the catalyst needed for biodiesel esterification process. Biodiesel products depending on the vegetable oils used as raw materials and preliminary processing of these raw materials.

Alcohol is used as a reactant for the vegetable oil is methanol, but can also be used ethanol, isopropanol or butyl, but it should be noted also in the alcohol content of the water. When the high water content will affect the results of low quality biodiesel, because the content of soap, ALB and high trigiserida. Besides the results of biodiesel is also influenced by the high operating temperature of the production process, the length of mixing time or mixing speed of alcohol.

Catalyst is also required to enhance solubility during the reaction, commonly used catalyst is a strong base is NaOH or KOH or sodium metoksida. The catalyst will be chosen depending on used vegetable oil, crude oil when used with ALB content of less than 2%, well formed and also glycerin soap.

Catalysts are generally very hygroscopic and reacts to form a chemical solution that will be destroyed by the reactant alcohol. If more water is absorbed by the catalyst is a catalyst work less well so poorly biodiesel product. After the reaction is complete, the catalyst must neutralize by adding a strong mineral acid. After being washed biodiesel neutralization process can also be done with the addition of washing water, HCl can also be used for the neutralization process 318 base catalyst, when used acid to produce phosphate fertilizers phosphat (K3PO4).

Regulation of Occupational Safety and Health. .

Every country usually have rules about safety and health of their own events which point to ensure that every employee both men and women who worked in a company is in safe condition and protected. The only companies that are not affected by this rule is a company that employs himself or immediate family. In principle peraturaan health and safety based on common standards that states, "that every company must provide to each employee employment and a place to work free from the things known to cause or suspected cause death or serious physical disabilities to workers ".

Safety and áãä a field of science and practice and multidisciplinary approach that seeks to implement and develop control technologies with the aim of a healthy workforce, safe, and productive, and achieve a high level of safety to prevent accidents.

The things that can cause accidents.

There are three basic causes of accidents, namely:

Occurred by chance.
Regarded as an accident within the meaning of the original (genuine accident) nature unpredictable and outside the control of the company manejemen. For example, an employee right in front of the window glass when suddenly someone threw a glass window so that about it.

Working conditions are not safe.
Working conditions are not safe is one of the main causes of the accident. These conditions include factors as follows:

1. Equipment that are not properly protected.
2. Defective equipment.
3. A dangerous procedure in, on, or around machines or equipment that is not secure warehouse (stuffy and too full).
4. Inadequate light, dim, and the lack of lighting.
5. Imperfect ventilation, air change is not enough, or the source of impure air.

Recovery of these factors is to minimize unsafe conditions, for example by making a list of physical and mechanical conditions that can cause accidents. Making this cheklist will help in finding a problem the cause of the accident. While accidents can happen anywhere and anytime, but there are certain places that have high accident rates. Approximately one third of industrial and laboratory accident occurred at around forklift trucks, trains dodorng, and places where cherished goods lift.

Unsafe Actions Conducted by Labor.

It is impossible to eliminate accidents simply by reducing unsafe conditions, because principals are human accidents. The experts have not been able to find a way that really telling tidakan employees to eliminate unsafe. These actions are:

1. Throwing or remove material.
2. Operate and work on an unsafe speed, whether it was too fast or too slow.
3. Creating safety and security equipment does not operate by moving, changing settings, or install on again.
4. Not wearing safety equipment or uses it was not safe.
5. Using unsafe procedures when filling, placing, mixing, and combining materials.
6. Be in a position not safe under the charge depends. Raise the elevator in a way that is not true.
7. Confusion, abuse disorders, shock, and other violent acts.

Such actions could cause the company's business or minimize workplace working conditions are not safe to be in vain. Therefore, we must identify the cause of the actions above. The following points can be used as an aid in identifying the actions above:

1. Employee's personal characteristics.
2. Employees who are prone to accidents (accident prone).
3. Employees eyesight.
4. Age employees
5. Motion perception and skills of employees
6. Interests of employees.

Methods Summary Accident Cope.

- Check and remove working conditions are not safe. Use checklists (checklists) to identify the problem. If the danger can not be eliminated, be vigilant (for example, with a safety fence) or if necessary use protective equipment such as hats, glasses, helmets, or safety shoes.

- Through the selection, try to sort out / remove employees who might easily have accidents for a job that is under investigation.

- Make a workplace safety policy which emphasizes that the company will make maximum efforts to suppress the number of work accidents and stressed the importance of preventing accidents and injuries at work or laboratory perusanaan.

- Establish a goal of controlled who can not fail. Analysis of occupational accidents and work safety incidents, and set targets to be achieved, for example in the form of the ratio of accidents per number of employees or labor.

- Encourage and train employees to be aware of the importance of safety, show them that the top-level management (top management) companies and supervisors have a serious concern and health keselamata.

- Establish the work safety rules that support the efforts pressing accidents and injuries due to work.

- Conduct safety and health inspection work on a regular basis. Also do an investigation on occupational accidents and nearly causing accidents. Create a system in the workplace that allows employees to remind the management of the existence of circumstances which harm or potentially harmful.

Sources of Occupational Injuries.

The sources of lead hazards can be caused by several factors, among others:
State machinery, aircraft, work tools, and materials, Work environment, Nature of the job, How it works, Production process or the execution of work.

Occupational safety and health can be achieved if the employees or labor:
1. Knowing the correct working procedures.
2. Knowing the danger that the object of work.
3. Knowing the work equipment.
4. Knowing how to work safety practices.

Risk management (risk management) is a process that defines the scope of work, identify sources of potential accidents and ultimately determine rare or controls to reduce risk. Manejemen implementation risk through several phases as follows:

1. Determination of the scope of the project or work with a set of project objectives, where, when, and how it will be done and who worked with the qualification concerned with knowledge, skills, and expertise of each personnel.
2. Identify materials and processes used.
3. Determining the source of workplace accidents that accompany that process will be done by looking for information about the materials used, hazards, and possible errors that can lead to workplace accidents.
4. Evaluation of the risk level of work.
5. Determination and control measures to be taken, such as special handling of materials, labor protection equipment, and the use of special procedures of handling the process.
6. Monitoring and reporting throughout the process as well if there is a change of materials, processes, or procedures.

Factors that influence the emergence of major hazards in industrial and laboratory processes including temperature, pressure, and concentration of reactant substances. High temperatures required in order to increase the speed of chemical reactions in the industry, it's just a tool against Suu resistance should be considered. High pressure needed to accelerate the reaction, but if the system pressure exceeds the permitted limit of explosion can occur. Moreover, if the process carried out at high temperature and the reactor is not strong anymore weight. Concentration of high reactant can cause corrosive to the reactor and can reduce peralataan age. Besides the material properties such as combustible materials, explosive, toxic materials, or can damage the human body.

Source of potential danger caused accidents.

Several sources of potential dangers of work accidents can be categorized as follows:

Chemicals.
Include flammable substances, toxic, corrosive, unstable, highly reactive, and dangerous gases. The use of carcinogenic compounds in industrial and laboratory is a significant problem, both because it is dangerous and the way in which the handling. Several steps must be taken in the handling of hazardous chemicals include management, how pengatasan, storage and labeling, safety in the laboratory, control and manipulation of the workplace, decontamination, disposal, emergency procedures, personal health workers, and training. Chemicals can cause an accident through the respiratory (such as poisonous gas), serapaan on the skin (liquid), or even ingested through the mouth for solids and liquids.

Hazardous chemicals can be classified into several categories, namely, the explosive chemicals (oxidizing, active metals, hydrides, metal alkyl, the compound is unstable in thermodynamics, flammable gases and flammable vapor). Corrosive chemical (strong inorganic acids, weak inorganic acids, strong organic acids, weak organic acids, alkyl strong, oxidizing, organic solvents). Chemicals that damage the lungs (asbestos), toxic chemicals, and carcinogenic chemicals (trigger cancer cell growth), and teratogenik.

Biological materials
Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites are the biological materials are often used in industrial and laboratory scale. In this group of organisms not only alone, but also all the biochemical ingredients, including simple sugars, amino acids, and substrates used in industrial processes. Handling in storage, processing, and disposal of biological material is needed to get accuracy and caution, given the problems of contamination by organisms can cause damage to body cells that serious to employees or labor.

Electricity Flow
The use of equipment with great power will provide possibilities for the occurrence of occupational accidents. Some factors to consider include:

1. Use of safety switches that can decide if the use of electric current exceeds the limit / limit set by the tool.
2. Improvisation of electrical equipment must consider the safety standards of the equipment.
3. Use equipment in accordance with working conditions is necessary to avoid accidents.
4. Be careful with water. Do not ever leave that allows perkeraan electrical equipment fell or brush with water. Likewise with a spray of water directly interact with electrical equipment.
5. Be careful in building or repairing electrical equipment so as not to endanger other penguna by providing information on equipment specifications that have been repair.
6. Consideration that the chemicals can damage insulation and electrical equipment as a safety electrical current. Corrosive nature of chemicals can cause damage to electrical components.
7. Consider if the electrical installation work in explosive atmosphere. For example in the acid cabinet used to control combustible gases.
8. Operation temperature of electrical equipment will have an impact on the electrical insulation materials. Very low temperatures will cause the insulation from broken and damaged. Insulating materials made of polyvinyl clorida (PVC) is not well used at temperatures below 0 oC. Silicone rubber can be used at a temperature of -50 oC. The maximum limit of operating equipment is also important to note. Insulating material of polyvinyl clorida can be used until the temperature of 75 oC, while the silicone rubber can be used until the temperature of 150 oC.

Ionization Radiation
Ionization radiation can be removed from such equipment X-ray diffraction or internal radiation which is used by radioactive materials can enter the human body through breathing, or absorption through the skin. Non-ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet, infrared, radio frequency, laser, and electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields should also be noted and considered as a source of occupational accidents.

Mechanical
Although the industry and more modern laboratory equipment is dominated by computer-controlled, including the robotic lifting heavy objects, but such mechanical work remains to be done. Mechanical work such as transport of raw materials, consumables replacement of equipment, still must be done manually, so that mistakes can lead to workplace procedures accidents. Workplace safety equipment such as helmets, gloves, shoes, and others need special attention within the scope of this work.

Fire
Almost all laboratory or industrial use of chemicals in a variety of manufacturing processes using termsuk, pemformulaan or analysis. Flammable liquids are frequently used in the laboratory or the hydrocarbon industry. Materials other flammable organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, butanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide, toluene, hexane, and others. The workers must try to familiar and understand the information contained in the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). MSDS document provides an explanation of the level of danger from any chemicals, including the quantity of materials allowed to be stored securely.

Another source of fire that can be derived from compounds that can explode or unstable. Many chemical compounds themselves inflammable or explosive when reacting with other compounds. Unstable compounds must be labeled in storage. Pressurized gas is also a source of occupational accidents due to the formation of the atmosphere of flammable gases.

Sound (noise)
Sources of occupational accidents which are generally seen in almost all industries, both small industries, medium, or large industry. Generators, cooling installations, or the vacuum machine, a few examples of the necessary equipment in the industry. Equipment has the potential to make a sound that can cause injuries and health problems. In addition to noise figure generated by machines, workers must consider how long they work in that environment. From the noise ear protectors should also be observed to ensure safety.

Safety Management.

Production process by operating various equipment in general is not entirely free from risk of harm. This should mejadikan attention from management and technical units and specifically responsible for work safety. Thus the work safety will always be considered part of the decision-making and policy setting so that efforts to prevent accidents and illness due to work has begun planning history.

1. identify each process and control equipment losses as a source of hazard risk,
2. estimating the control program plan accidents and illness due to work,
3. control program planning accidents and illness due to work,
4. develop the necessary communications systems, and
5. providing facilities and equipment and personnel and professional terlaith.

Workplace safety management must be able to find and reveal the operational weaknesses that allow for work due to illness and accidents. Managerial discretion described in the operational implementation of the level of the management aspect is very essential for the sustainability of production processes and safety is directed at the participation of all parties in the management and organizational systems, will be able to create a comfortable working atmosphere as strong landasa for business continuity and security of investment in development.

Hiverces and safety must be viewed as a technical effort an enormous managerial functions and role in:

1. Securing the investment.
2. Maintaining continuity and business continuity.
3. Mengembangkah economic potential.
4. Enhance the benefits of the production device.
5. Maintain and enhance the work productivity of labor.

Improved quality of human resources via three-way in improving the quality of knowledge and skills, namely:

1. point of formal education,
2. training track, and
3. lines of work experience.

Improving the quality of human resources is very important not only to improve your operational work technically, but also the ability to work safely and the ability to create conditions and safe working environment and healthy.

Countermeasures against the occurrence of Air Pollution and Waste Management.

To prevent water contamination, in our activities to meet the necessities of life should not increase the occurrence of such contaminants do not dispose of household waste, hospital waste, waste / industrial waste in municipal, not throw into the water stream, lake or the in the gutter. Do not use fertilizers and pesticides in excess, because the rest of fertilizers and pesticides will pollute the water in a farm environment. Do not use phosphate detergents, for phosphate compounds is food for water plants like water hyacinth that can cause water pollution.

Water pollution that has occurred naturally as the amount of heavy metals that enter and accumulate in the human body, these heavy metals can poison the body through the digestive organs for the body to eat plants that contain heavy metals, although needed in small amounts. Stacking heavy metals occurs in the plants due to contamination by industrial waste. To overcome in order to avoid stacking heavy metals, and industrial waste processing should be done before discharge into the environment.

The process of pollution prevention is better than the prevention of pollution that have occurred.

Waste treatment

Industrial waste before discharge into exile, poured into rivers or ditches should be collected in a space provided, then processed, so that when forced to be discharged into the river does not cause water pollution. Even if you can not be processed after discharged into the river but can be used again for their own industrial purposes.

Solid waste from households in the form of plastic or synthetic fibers that can not be broken down by microorganisms are separated, and then processed into other useful materials, for example, can be processed into mats. Organic waste that can be broken down by microorganisms buried in the ground hole, then when it rot can be used as fertilizer.

Resources and Water pollutants.

Water pollution in the water occurs when there are different kinds of substances or conditions (eg heat) that can lower water quality standards that have been determined, so can not be used for specific needs. A source said contaminated water not only because it is mixed with contaminants, but if the water is not in accordance with specific needs, for example a source of water containing heavy metals or bacteria containing the disease can still be used for industrial needs or as power plants, will but can not be used for domestic needs (drinking water purposes, cooking, bathing and washing).

Sources of Water Pollution causes

There are several causes of water pollution, among others, if water is contaminated with air pollutants such as household garbage, industrial waste valleys, the remnants of fertilizers or pesticides from agricultural areas, hospital waste, waste manure, particulate-solid particulates of forest fires and erupting volcanoes or erosion of sediment places in its path.

Water contaminants

Basically, water contaminants can be grouped into:

a) Waste is in the process that require oxygen penguraiannya waste containing organic compounds, such as junk food industry, sugar industry waste, household garbage (food scraps), human waste and animal waste, tumbuhtumbuhan and dead animals. To sampahsampah the decomposition process requires oxygen, so if tersbut waste contained in the water, then water (water source) will be lack of oxygen, the fish and organisms in the water will die of oxygen deficiency. Also decomposition of waste containing protein (animal / vegetable) will produce H2S gas foul-smelling, so the water unfit to drink or to bathe.

C, H, S, N, + O2? CO2 + H2O + H2S + NO + NO2

b) Material pollutants cause disease, ie contain contaminants that such viruses and bacteria coli bacteria that can cause digestive tract diseases (dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, types) or skin disease. These pollutants come from household waste, hospital waste or from waste animal / human.

c) inorganic pollutant materials / minerals such as heavy metals like mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), Lead (pb), copper (Cu), inorganic salts. Contaminants of heavy metals that enter the body through food and usually can be accumulated in organs such as kidneys, liver, spleen other digestive tract that interfere with the function of these organs.

d) Raw organic pollutants that can not be broken down by microorganisms of organic compounds derived from pesticides, herbicides, polymers such as plastics, detergents, synthetic fibers, industrial waste and waste oil. These contaminants can not be destroyed by microorganisms, so it will be piled everywhere and can disrupt the lives and welfare of living things.

e) Material contaminants of food plants such as nitrate compounds, phosphate compounds can cause the growth of algae (seaweed) so rapidly over the surface of the water. Also water will disrupt ecosystems, and fish kill organisms in the water, because levels of oxygen and reduced sunlight. This is due to oxygen and sunlight needed organisms in the water (aquatic life) is blocked and can not enter into the water.

f) Material of radioactive contaminants, can cause cancer, damage the cells and other tissues. These pollutants come from nuclear plants and waste from nuclear experiments other.

g) material in the form of sediment contaminants / sediments such as dirt and mud from erosion on the riverbank or particulate-particulate solid / lava is blown by the erupting volcano, causing the water becomes turbid, the entry of reduced sunlight, and water is less able to assimilate waste.

h) of pollutant material conditions (eg heat), derived from waste power plants or industrial waste that uses water as a coolant. These contaminants cause heat increases the temperature of the water unsuitable for aquatic life (organisms, fish and plants in the water). Plants, fish and dead organisms will break down into organic compounds. For the decomposition of organic compounds requires oxygen, resulting in decreased oxygen levels in water.

Broadly speaking, these water contaminants above can be grouped into:

1. Organic contaminants, which can be experienced both decomposition by microorganisms and which can not experience breakdown.
2. Inorganic contaminants, can be heavy metals, mineral (inorganic salts such as sulfate, phosphate, halogenida, nitrate)
3. Pollutants in the form of sediment / soil or mud sediments.
4. Pollutants in the form of a radioactive substance e) material in the form of heat pollution

Parameters and water quality standards

You have to know that the source of said contaminated water contains contaminants, if that can interfere with the welfare of living things (animals, humans, plants) and the environment. However, water containing certain contaminants polluted say for certain, such as for household use may not necessarily be said for other polluted. Thus the water quality standard for each purpose will vary, depending on water usage, for different household needs with water quality standards for other purposes such as for agriculture, irrigation, power generation and industrial use. Thus the parameters used must be different too.

In accordance with the contaminants found in water sources, the parameters used to determine water quality standards were based on the contaminants that may exist, among others, can be seen from:

1. color, odor, and / or taste of water.
2. The properties of inorganic compounds (pH, specific conductivity, oxygen solubility, the soluble salts and the presence of heavy metals).
3. The presence of organic compounds found in water sources (ie CHCl3, phenols, pesticides, hydrocarbons).
4. Eg radioactivity ß rays.
5. Bacteriological properties (eg bacteria Escherichia coli, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and many more).

Air Pollution and handling.

Air humidity depends on the concentration of water vapor, and H2O in different concentration in each region. Air conditions in the atmosphere has never been found in a clean condition, but is mixed with other gases and particulates, particulates that we do not need. Gases and particulates, particulates derived from natural events and also resulting from human activities are constantly into the air and contaminate / pollute the air in the atmosphere, especially tropospheric layers.

If these contaminants from the results of measurements with the parameters set by the WHO over pencemarnya material concentration thresholds (the concentration that can still be overcome), then declared in a state of air polluted. Air pollution occurs when containing one or more types of contaminants obtained from the chemical process gases CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, gas with high concentration or physical conditions such as very high temperatures for the size of humans, animals and plants. The existence of these gases and particulates, particulate concentrations over the threshold, Then the air in the area declared contaminated. By using the parameters concentration of pollutants and the time duration of contact between the contaminants or pollutants to the environment (air), the WHO set out four levels of pollution as follows:

* Pollution of the first level, ie, pollution that does not cause harm to humans.
* Pollution of the second level, ie, that pollution from causing damage to humans as an irritation to our senses.
* Pollution of the third level, ie, pollution that is able to react to the physiology of the body and cause chronic disease.
* Pollution of the fourth level, ie, pollution that has caused acute illness and death to humans or animals and plants.

The way to overcome.

To be able to cope with air pollution may be some effort include: replacing motor vehicle fuel with fuel that does not produce carbon monoxide gas and also endeavored to combustion occurs in a perfect place, but that the processing / recycling of waste smoke or industrial filtration, planting to establish a process of photosynthesis (the park serves as the city's lungs), and do not do random forest fires, and conduct reforestation / replanting of replacement pohonpohon important thing is to clear the land is not forest fires, but by mechanical means.

Negative impacts and positive impacts.

On top you have learned that air pollution can have a negative effect for living things, humans, animals and plants. Forest fires and volcanoes that erupted causing a loss of many animal shelters, many animals and plants died even extinct. Gases of sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3) reacts with water vapor, and rainwater can cause acid rain which can damage buildings, bridges, statues, which causes plants to die or not grow. Carbon monoxide gas when inhaled into the lungs react with hemoglobin causes blood poisoning and many more negative impacts caused by air pollution.

Air pollution in addition to the negative impact, also may have a positive impact among others, lava and particulate-blown particulates that are erupting volcano, when it's cold, causing the land to become fertile, sand and rock spent the erupting volcano can be used as building material. Carbon monoxide gas when reacted with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide gas can be utilized for the plants to carry out photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates that are useful for living things.

Wednesday, February 3, 2010

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